State Taxes on Capital Gains

Key Takeaways

The federal preferential rate for long-term capital gains — typically 15% or 20% — is widely understood. The state layer is where most investors discover unexpected tax bills. Unlike the federal system, most states give capital gains no special treatment: a gain held for two years is taxed the same as a paycheck. That changes the real cost of a sale significantly when you live in a high-rate state.

Direct answer: Most states tax capital gains as ordinary income at regular state income tax rates — there is no state-level equivalent of the preferential federal long-term rate. Nine states impose no personal income tax (Alaska, Florida, Nevada, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, Wyoming), but Washington has a capital gains excise tax (7% up to $1M in gains, 9.9% above). Three states offer partial preferential treatment for long-term capital gains: Montana (effective top rate ~4.1%), Wisconsin (30% exclusion), and South Carolina (44% deduction). California's 13.3% top rate is the highest in the country; New York City residents face the state's 10.9% plus a 3.876% city surtax. State capital gains taxes are deductible on federal Schedule A, subject to the 2026 SALT cap of $40,400.

• 41 states plus the District of Columbia tax capital gains, and the majority do so as ordinary income with no preferential long-term rate.
• Washington state's capital gains excise tax — 7% on gains $278K–$1M and 9.9% above $1M — makes it the most important exception among "no income tax" states for investors.
• California and New York are the highest-rate states for most investors, with California capping at 13.3% and New York City residents facing a combined state-plus-city rate near 14.8%.
• Montana, Wisconsin, and South Carolina offer meaningful preferential rates or exclusions for long-term gains, making the federal holding-period distinction relevant at the state level in those three states.
• State capital gains taxes reduce the deductibility benefit on the federal return — the 2026 SALT cap is $40,400, up from the prior $10,000 under TCJA, but it covers all state and local taxes combined, not just capital gains taxes.
• Part-year residency and multi-state issues are common: securities gains follow your domicile at the time of sale, but real estate gains follow the property's location regardless of where you live.

The Baseline: How Most States Tax Capital Gains

At the federal level, the tax code distinguishes between short-term and long-term capital gains in a meaningful way. Short-term gains — from assets held one year or less — are taxed at ordinary income rates (up to 37% in 2026). Long-term gains get preferential rates: 0%, 15%, or 20% depending on taxable income, with an additional 3.8% Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT) for higher earners. This preferential treatment is a deliberate policy choice — a reward for holding investments longer.

Most states make no such distinction. The majority of states that tax capital gains simply include them in taxable income and apply the same progressive rate brackets that apply to wages, salaries, interest, and other income. A stock held for 18 months and sold for a $50,000 gain is taxed at the same state rate as $50,000 in salary. The federal incentive to hold for more than one year — which can cut your federal bill from 37% to 20% or lower — has no equivalent at the state level in most of the country.

This matters for after-tax return calculations. An investor modeling a sale should not assume that "15% federal" translates to a 15% blended rate. Depending on their state, the real rate can be anywhere from 15% (no state tax) to roughly 37–38% (federal 23.8% plus California's 13.3%) for high-income investors realizing large long-term gains.

Federal 2026 long-term capital gains rates for reference

• 0% — up to $47,025 (single) / $94,050 (married filing jointly)
• 15% — up to $518,900 (single) / $583,750 (married filing jointly)
• 20% — above those thresholds
• +3.8% NIIT — on investment income when MAGI exceeds $200,000 (single) / $250,000 (MFJ)

State taxes stack on top of these federal rates. In a zero-state-tax jurisdiction, the after-tax outcome is the federal number. In California at the top rate, 13.3 percentage points get added to whatever federal rate applies, pushing the combined rate to 33.1% (15% bracket) or 37.1% (20% plus NIIT).

Practical checklist

• Always calculate your combined federal-plus-state effective rate before modeling after-tax returns — the state contribution is often 6–13 percentage points on top of the federal rate.
• Don't assume that holding longer than one year saves you money at the state level — it does federally, but not in most states.
• For large planned sales, consider the state you will be living in at the time of the transaction, not just where you live today.

States With No Capital Gains Tax

Nine states levy no personal income tax, and for most residents of those states, that means no state-level tax on capital gains either:

• Alaska — no state income tax; no capital gains tax
• Florida — no state income tax; no capital gains tax
• Nevada — no state income tax; no capital gains tax
• New Hampshire — repealed its Interest and Dividends Tax effective January 1, 2025; as of 2026 there is no state income tax and no capital gains tax
• South Dakota — no state income tax; no capital gains tax
• Tennessee — no state income tax; no capital gains tax (the Hall Tax on interest and dividends was phased out by 2021)
• Texas — no state income tax; no capital gains tax
• Washington — no general income tax, but has a separate capital gains excise tax; see the section below
• Wyoming — no state income tax; no capital gains tax

New Hampshire's situation is worth a brief note because it was in transition for several years. The state historically taxed interest and dividend income at 5%, which meant investment income — including some forms of capital gain characterized as dividend — was taxed while wages were not. The legislature phased the rate down starting in 2023 and eliminated the tax entirely effective January 1, 2025, accelerating the repeal from the originally planned 2026 date. NH is now genuinely income-tax-free for all investment income including capital gains.

For the remaining no-tax states, capital gains from the sale of stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and most other financial assets are untaxed at the state level. Federal rates apply; state rates do not. A Texas resident realizing a $200,000 long-term gain pays federal capital gains tax but owes nothing to the state.

Practical checklist

• If you are considering relocating to reduce capital gains taxes, verify the specific state's current treatment — NH's transition is an example of how state law can change on a relatively short timeline.
• For Washington state residents: "no income tax" does not mean "no capital gains tax" if your gains exceed the annual deduction threshold.

Washington State: The Exception in the "No-Tax" List

Washington state is worth separate treatment because it appears in the "no income tax" group while simultaneously having a meaningful capital gains tax for investors with larger portfolios.

Washington enacted a capital gains excise tax that applies to net long-term capital gains above an annual standard deduction — $278,000 in 2026 (indexed annually for inflation, from an initial $250,000 when the tax was enacted). The tax structure as of 2026 is:

• 7% on net long-term capital gains between the $278,000 deduction threshold and $1,000,000
• 9.9% on net long-term capital gains above $1,000,000

Several categories are exempt from the Washington excise tax, including real property sold as the seller's primary residence (to the extent federally excluded), retirement account distributions (IRAs, 401(k)s, pensions), assets qualifying for the small-business exemption, and certain agricultural property and timber. Short-term capital gains are not subject to the tax — it applies only to long-term gains (assets held more than one year).

The tax has faced ongoing legal challenges since its enactment, with opponents arguing that calling it an "excise tax" rather than an "income tax" is a distinction without a difference under Washington's constitutional framework. As of mid-2026, those challenges were live in the courts but the tax remained enforceable — taxpayers cannot hold back payments pending resolution of legal challenges. Washington issued filing deadline extensions in 2026 (the 2025 filing year deadline was moved to May 1, 2026 due to storm-related relief), so filing dates may not follow the standard April 15 schedule in a given year.

The practical implication: a Washington investor with $400,000 in long-term capital gains owes Washington excise tax on $122,000 (the amount above the $278,000 deduction) at 7% — a $8,540 state obligation. A Texas investor with the same gain owes $0 to the state. Both owe the same federal tax.

Practical checklist

• Washington residents with investment portfolios should track annual net long-term gain against the $278,000 threshold and make state estimated payments if they expect to exceed it.
• Real estate gains may be exempt depending on circumstances — verify the specific exemption applies before assuming.
• Check the Washington Department of Revenue directly for current filing deadlines, which have been subject to extensions.

The High-Rate States: California and New York

California: no preferential rate, highest top rate in the country

California taxes capital gains — short-term and long-term alike — as ordinary income. There is no preferential rate at the state level for assets held longer than one year; the federal holding-period distinction produces no state benefit. California's top marginal income tax rate is 13.3%, which applies to income (including capital gains) above $1,000,000 for single filers. Below that threshold, California's progressive brackets range from 1% to 12.3% depending on income level.

The combination of California's state rate and the federal rate creates some of the highest effective capital gains tax rates in the developed world for high-income investors. A single filer with income well above the federal 20% threshold who realizes a $500,000 long-term capital gain faces:

• Federal long-term capital gains tax: 20%
• Federal Net Investment Income Tax: 3.8%
• California state income tax: 13.3%
• Combined effective rate on the gain: 37.1%

California also does not conform to the federal preferential long-term rate for any category of asset — there is no California equivalent of qualified dividend treatment or the 0% long-term capital gains bracket. A California resident whose federal tax on a capital gain would be 0% (low income) still owes California income tax at their applicable state rate.

California actively audits residents who move to other states shortly before realizing large gains. The state's Franchise Tax Board scrutinizes whether a "move" was genuine — residents who maintain California ties (employment, property, bank accounts, social relationships, vehicle registration) after claiming to relocate may find California asserting continued residency and the full state tax obligation on gains realized after the claimed move date.

New York: state rate plus a city surtax

New York taxes capital gains as ordinary income at state income tax rates ranging up to 10.9% (the top bracket). Like California, New York makes no distinction between short-term and long-term gains at the state level — the holding period affects only the federal bill.

New York City adds a further layer. NYC residents pay city income tax on top of the state tax, with rates up to 3.876% at the highest city bracket. This city tax is in addition to the state tax, not part of it. A high-income New York City resident realizing a large long-term gain faces:

• Federal long-term capital gains tax: 20%
• Federal NIIT: 3.8%
• New York state income tax: up to 10.9%
• New York City income tax: up to 3.876%
• Combined effective rate: up to approximately 38.6% on the gain

New Jersey rounds out the high-rate Northeast cluster with a top rate of 10.75% on income above $1,000,000, also applied to capital gains without preferential treatment.

Practical checklist

• In California and New York, the combined federal-plus-state rate on large long-term gains is typically 33–39% for high-income investors — significantly higher than the federal preferential rate alone implies.
• New York City residents face an additional city-level tax layer that residents of other New York municipalities do not.
• California residency claims are aggressively reviewed when large gains are realized shortly after claimed moves — document all relocation steps thoroughly and consult a tax professional before timing a large sale around a move.

States With Preferential Capital Gains Rates

Three states offer meaningful preferential treatment for long-term capital gains at the state level — the only states where the federal holding-period distinction also produces a state-level benefit.

Montana

Montana taxes long-term capital gains at lower rates than ordinary income, with the effective top rate on long-term capital gains reaching approximately 4.1% — compared to Montana's 5.65% top ordinary income tax rate. Montana also provides a tax credit mechanism that reduces the state tax owed on net long-term capital gains by approximately 30%. The result is that long-term capital gains face a significantly lower Montana rate than wages or short-term gains.

Wisconsin

Wisconsin provides a 30% exclusion for net long-term capital gains — meaning only 70% of net long-term gains are included in Wisconsin taxable income. The exclusion increases to 60% for qualifying farm assets and to 100% for long-term gains from the sale of qualified Wisconsin small-business stock. Wisconsin's top ordinary income tax rate is 7.65%, so the 30% exclusion reduces the effective top rate on standard long-term capital gains to approximately 5.35%.

South Carolina

South Carolina allows a 44% deduction on qualifying long-term capital gains, effectively excluding nearly half of the gain from state taxable income. With a state top income tax rate currently around 6.4% (following South Carolina's recent rate reductions), the effective top rate on qualifying long-term capital gains is approximately 3.6% — among the most generous in the country for states that do tax investment income at all.

What this means in practice

For investors in these three states, the federal holding period of more than one year does matter at the state level — not because the state mirrors the federal preferential rate, but because the exclusions, deductions, and credits that produce the lower state rate are specifically conditioned on the gain qualifying as long-term. A short-term gain is taxed at the full ordinary income rate in all three states.

Practical checklist

• In Montana, Wisconsin, and South Carolina, confirm that your specific gain qualifies for the preferential treatment — some asset categories or special situations may not.
• Wisconsin's enhanced exclusion for qualified small-business stock is particularly favorable but has specific requirements around the business type, holding period, and investment structure.

State Capital Gains Tax: Selected Comparison

The table below shows how a selection of states approach capital gains taxation. Rates shown are top marginal rates for long-term capital gains; actual rates for a given investor depend on income level and applicable brackets. "Ordinary income rate" means the state applies the same rate schedule as wages with no preferential treatment for capital gains.

Worked Example: Blended Federal + State Effective Rate

Illustrative scenario — for education only.

A single filer has $500,000 in ordinary income and realizes a $100,000 long-term capital gain from selling stock held for two years. The federal long-term capital gains rate on this gain is 20%, and the federal Net Investment Income Tax applies (MAGI well above $200,000), adding 3.8%. Federal tax on the gain: $23,800 (23.8% of $100,000).

The state-level impact varies dramatically by residence:

The same investment decision — selling a stock with a $100,000 long-term gain — produces a $23,800 tax bill in Texas and a $38,576 tax bill for a New York City resident in the same federal bracket. That 14.8-percentage-point difference in effective rate is purely attributable to the state and city tax layer. Over a large portfolio or across multiple sales, these differences compound materially.

Note on the SALT partial offset: The New York City and California investors who itemize on Schedule A can deduct the state and city taxes paid — up to the 2026 SALT cap of $40,400. If they have not already exhausted the cap with property taxes and other state taxes, the capital gains taxes paid may generate a partial federal deduction, reducing the net after-tax cost somewhat. At their marginal federal rate, each dollar of deductible state tax saves 37 cents in federal tax, partially but not fully offsetting the state-level cost.

Part-Year Residency and Multi-State Issues

State capital gains tax is not always determined solely by where you live at year-end. The rules for part-year residents and multi-state situations are a common source of unexpected state tax bills.

Securities: domicile at time of sale controls

For capital gains from financial assets — stocks, mutual funds, bonds, ETFs — the general rule is that the gain is taxable by the state where you were domiciled when the sale occurred. Your domicile is your primary, permanent home — the place you intend to return to and treat as home, which may or may not be the same as your technical residence for a given period. If you sold stock in February while a California resident and moved to Texas in April, California taxes the February gain. Texas has no jurisdiction over it.

This rule makes the timing of sales and the timing of actual relocation critically important for investors with large unrealized gains who are considering a state move. The gain must be realized after the move is complete and defensible — not while the investor still maintains a California home, employer, vehicle registration, or other strong domicile tie.

Real property: location of the property controls

Real estate is a significant exception to the domicile rule. Gains from the sale of real property are generally sourced to the state where the property is located, regardless of where the seller lives. A California property sold by a Texas resident can generate a California tax obligation on the gain. The seller may be required to file a California nonresident return reporting only the California-sourced income, and California may require withholding from the sale proceeds at closing (currently 3.33% of the gross sale price, unless the seller obtains an exemption or reduced-withholding certificate).

Part-year returns

Investors who move mid-year generally file part-year resident returns in both the old and new states. Each state taxes only the income (including capital gains) allocable to the period of residency in that state. The mechanics vary — some states apportion by days of residency, others by the actual dates of transactions. A large capital gain realized during a brief period of residency in a high-tax state can make the entire year's state tax burden surprisingly high despite most of the year being spent in a low-tax state.

Practical checklist

• If timing a large gain realization around a state move, consult a tax professional before the sale — not after. The domicile analysis is fact-specific and mistakes are expensive.
• Real property always follows the property, not the owner — account for the property's state tax on gains regardless of where you live at the time of sale.
• Keep documentation of relocation steps (lease or purchase agreement, utility transfers, driver's license, voter registration, change of employer, vehicle registration) to support the domicile change if it's later questioned.

Deducting State Capital Gains Taxes on Your Federal Return

State income taxes paid — including state tax on capital gains — can be deducted on the federal return as state and local taxes (SALT), but only if you itemize deductions on Schedule A. This deduction provides a partial federal offset for the state tax cost, but its value is constrained by the SALT cap and by whether you itemize at all.

The 2026 SALT cap

The federal SALT deduction cap for 2026 is $40,400 for most filers (increased significantly from the prior $10,000 cap established under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017). The cap applies to the combined total of state income taxes, state and local property taxes, and either state income or sales taxes — it is not specifically limited to capital gains taxes. Importantly, the cap begins to phase down for taxpayers with modified adjusted gross income above $505,000 (the deduction cannot be reduced below $10,000), and the elevated cap is scheduled to revert to $10,000 beginning in 2030 under current law.

What this means in practice: a California investor who already pays substantial state income tax on wages and property taxes on a home may have already consumed the $40,400 SALT cap before their capital gains taxes are added. In that scenario, the additional state tax on capital gains produces no incremental federal deduction — it is entirely unoffset. Investors in this situation bear the full economic cost of the state capital gains tax with no federal relief.

The standard deduction comparison

The SALT deduction is only available to taxpayers who itemize. In 2026, the federal standard deduction is substantial enough that many middle-income investors do not itemize at all — their standard deduction exceeds their total Schedule A deductions including SALT. For those investors, state capital gains taxes are paid with no federal offset regardless of the SALT cap level.

Practical checklist

• Calculate your total SALT exposure (state income tax + property taxes) before assuming you have SALT deduction room for capital gains taxes — many high-income investors in expensive-property-tax states have already consumed their SALT cap.
• The 2026 SALT cap of $40,400 is higher than the prior $10,000 limit but remains a cap — it does not mean all SALT is now deductible.
• The cap is scheduled to revert to $10,000 in 2030 under current law — factor that into multi-year planning if you are modeling ongoing capital gains tax obligations.

Estimated Tax Requirements at the State Level

Most states that tax capital gains require estimated quarterly payments when the expected state tax liability exceeds a threshold — typically $500 to $1,000 depending on the state (compared to the federal $1,000 threshold). A large capital gain realized mid-year triggers a state estimated-tax obligation at the same time it triggers a federal one, and the deadlines are generally similar but not always identical to the federal schedule.

The federal estimated tax due dates are typically April 15, June 15, September 15, and January 15 of the following year. Most states follow this quarterly pattern but may use slightly different exact dates or thresholds. California, for example, has a different schedule — its second quarter payment is due June 15 but its third is due September 15, and the fourth is not due January 15 but rather January 17.

Underpaying state estimated taxes generally triggers a penalty similar to the federal underpayment penalty — a per-period interest charge based on the amount underpaid. For investors who realize large unexpected gains (from a company acquisition, a market spike, or a forced sale), the penalty can apply even if the full tax is paid by year-end filing. This makes it important to increase state estimated payments promptly when a large gain is realized — not just at year end.

Practical checklist

• When you realize a large capital gain mid-year, estimate your state tax liability and make an adjusted quarterly payment in the same quarter — don't wait for year-end.
• Confirm the exact due dates for your state — they differ from the federal dates in several states, particularly California.
• Some states allow safe harbor from underpayment penalties if you pay 100% (or 110% for higher incomes) of the prior year's state tax liability — verify whether your state offers this safe harbor before relying on it.

State Conformity to Federal Wash-Sale and Other Rules

The federal wash-sale rule disallows a capital loss on the sale of a security if you buy the same or substantially identical security within 30 days before or after the sale. Most states that tax capital gains conform to this federal rule — if the loss is disallowed federally, it is also disallowed for state purposes. The basis adjustment that the federal rule requires (adding the disallowed loss to the basis of the replacement shares) typically carries through to the state return as well.

However, conformity is not universal. State tax codes can either "roll" automatically to track federal law as it changes (rolling conformity) or conform only to federal law as of a specific date (fixed-date conformity). States with fixed-date conformity may not recognize federal rule changes made after their conformity date — meaning wash-sale treatment could theoretically differ from federal treatment if the federal rules changed after the state's conformity date. In practice, the wash-sale rule has been stable federal law for decades, making this primarily a theoretical concern for that specific rule.

More practically relevant for most investors: states with their own capital gains frameworks (Washington's excise tax, for example) calculate the tax base from the ground up rather than starting from the federal Schedule D — meaning the wash-sale analysis may need to be re-run for state purposes separately from the federal return, and state-specific rules about what counts as a "substantially identical" security or what adjustments apply may differ.

California conforms to federal wash-sale treatment. New York conforms. The safest approach for investors with active portfolios and multi-state complexity is to work with a tax professional who knows both the federal rules and the specific conformity status of the relevant state, rather than assuming the state return is a straight copy of the federal Schedule D.

Practical checklist

• Assume state and federal wash-sale treatment match unless you have specific reason to believe otherwise — but verify for any state with a non-standard capital gains framework.
• For investors using tax-loss harvesting strategies, confirm that the harvested losses are recognized for state purposes — this matters most for states with fixed-date conformity or their own capital gains calculation frameworks.

Misconceptions Versus Reality

Common Mistakes When Planning Around State Capital Gains Taxes

Modeling after-tax returns using only the federal rate. Because federal capital gains rules are widely discussed, investors sometimes calculate after-tax returns using the 15% or 20% federal rate without adding the state layer. In California or New York, this underestimates the real tax cost by 10–15 percentage points. Run the state number alongside the federal number from the start.

Assuming a state move eliminates the tax on an already-planned sale. Investors sometimes discover a large upcoming gain (a company going public, a pending acquisition) and immediately plan to move to a no-tax state. This works only if the move is completed before the sale and the new domicile is defensible. Sales that occur before the move is legally complete, or moves with insufficient evidence of genuine relocation, are typically taxed in the original high-tax state. Time the move well in advance of the sale and document every step.

Forgetting state estimated tax payments after large gains. Investors accustomed to having taxes withheld from wages may not think to make estimated payments when they realize investment gains. The state estimated tax underpayment penalty applies just as the federal one does, and a large gain can create a significant state liability that requires a mid-year payment in the quarter it occurs.

Risks, Limitations, and Exceptions

• State tax laws change frequently — rates, brackets, exclusion percentages, and conformity to federal rules have all been actively revised in many states in recent years. Verify current rates directly with your state's department of revenue or a tax professional; the rates in this guide reflect publicly available information as of August 2026.
• Washington's capital gains excise tax faces ongoing legal challenges. The tax remains enforceable as of mid-2026, but the legal situation could change — monitor Washington Department of Revenue guidance.
• The 2026 SALT cap of $40,400 is set to revert to $10,000 in 2030 under current law. Long-term tax planning around the SALT deduction should account for this scheduled change.
• The interaction between state capital gains taxes, the federal SALT deduction, and the alternative minimum tax (AMT) can produce non-obvious net costs — consult a tax professional for scenarios involving large gains, multiple states, or high total income.
• This guide does not cover state-specific rules for crypto, collectibles, real estate investment trust distributions, or partnership income, which may be treated differently from stock gains even within states that otherwise conform to federal treatment.
• None of this content constitutes personalized tax or legal advice. Individual circumstances, income levels, account types, and state-specific rules interact in ways that require professional evaluation.

Frequently Asked Questions

Sources and Methodology

This guide describes state-level capital gains taxation for educational purposes based on publicly available information as of August 2026. Key sources include:

• State Departments of Revenue: Washington Department of Revenue (dor.wa.gov) for the capital gains excise tax rate, threshold, and filing guidance; New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration for the Interest and Dividends Tax repeal; California Franchise Tax Board for state income tax rate schedules.
• Federal sources: IRS Publication 550 (Investment Income and Expenses), IRS Schedule D instructions, and the IRS SALT deduction guidance document the federal baseline and deductibility rules described in this guide.
• Secondary research: Kiplinger, SmartAsset, and state tax research organizations provided cross-reference data on top marginal rates for all 50 states and the preferential treatment structures for Montana, Wisconsin, and South Carolina.

This content was reviewed by the Swoopr Editorial Team in August 2026 and reflects publicly available information at that time. State tax law changes frequently — rates, caps, and conformity rules cited here should be verified directly with the applicable state's tax authority or a qualified tax professional before being relied upon for actual tax planning.

Conclusion

Federal capital gains tax gets most of the coverage, but the state layer is where after-tax returns diverge most dramatically between investors. Most states offer no preferential long-term rate — the holding-period advantage that cuts your federal bill from 37% to 15% or 20% simply does not transfer to the state tax return for most Americans. Nine states have no income tax and therefore no capital gains tax, but Washington's capital gains excise tax means that listing is not as clean as it looks. California's 13.3% top rate and New York City's combined 14.8% state-plus-city rate push combined effective rates into the high 30s for high-income investors. Montana, Wisconsin, and South Carolina are the meaningful exceptions that do reward longer holds with lower state rates. State capital gains taxes are deductible on the federal return through the SALT deduction — up to $40,400 in 2026 — but the cap, the itemization requirement, and the phase-down for high earners limit how much of that cost is actually offset. Understanding where you live, where your property is, and where you will be when you sell is as important to after-tax planning as understanding which federal bracket applies.

Related Reading

• Stock & Investment Taxes — the parent hub for this content group, covering the full range of stock and investment tax topics.
• Taxes & Rules — the top-level hub covering brokerage rules, trading regulations, and investment tax topics.
• Brokerage and Trading Rules — the companion section covering SEC and FINRA oversight, margin rules, settlement cycles, and trading-conduct regulations.
• Crypto Tax Recordkeeping — how to track cost basis, realize gains and losses, and stay compliant for cryptocurrency investments.