# Swoopr Investment: Research Lab
# Scoped content manifest for LLM agents and web crawlers.
# Generated: 2026-10-18
# 151 pages in this section.
# Root index: https://www.getswoopr.com/llms.txt

## Research Lab

- [Research Lab](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab.md)): The Swoopr Research Lab: scenario analyses, fact sheets, comparison matrices, checklists, mistake labs, research protocols, data methodologies.
- [Why Did My Bond Fund Fall When Rates Rose? A Diagnostic Tree](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/bond-fund-fell-rates-diagnostic-tree/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/bond-fund-fell-rates-diagnostic-tree.md)): A bond fund's price can fall when market yields rise because existing bonds become less attractive relative to newly issued bonds. Duration, credit spre...
- [Why 'Buy the Dip' Can Fail Without a Decision Rule](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/buy-the-dip-no-rule-post-mortem/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/buy-the-dip-no-rule-post-mortem.md)): Examines how unsystematic buy-the-dip strategies fail when investors deploy capital too early, run out of dry powder before the bottom.
- [Why Did My Cash Yield Change?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/cash-yield-change-diagnostic-tree/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/cash-yield-change-diagnostic-tree.md)): Cash yields can change because the underlying rate environment changes, a promotional bank rate expires, a money market fund's portfolio reprices, fees ...
- [Checklist: Annual Portfolio Review](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-annual-portfolio-review/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-annual-portfolio-review.md)): A structured annual review process for individual investors: what to examine, rebalance, and update each year to keep a portfolio aligned with goals.
- [Before You Buy an ETF](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-before-buying-etf/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-before-buying-etf.md)): The checklist requires a source for the fund's objective, index or strategy, holdings, concentration, costs, tracking, liquidity, tax structure, and clo...
- [Before You Buy an I Bond](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-before-buying-i-bond/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-before-buying-i-bond.md)): The checklist verifies current TreasuryDirect terms, purchase limits, redemption restrictions, fixed and inflation components, tax treatment, and whethe...
- [Before You Buy a Single Stock](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-before-buying-single-stock/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-before-buying-single-stock.md)): The checklist forces the investor to document business model, financial trajectory, balance-sheet risk, valuation, thesis, failure conditions, position ...
- [Before You Reach for Yield](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-before-reaching-for-yield/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-before-reaching-for-yield.md)): The checklist decomposes a high yield into issuer quality, leverage, duration, liquidity, payout coverage, call features, currency, structure, and price...
- [Before You Use a Stop Order](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-before-using-stop-order/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-before-using-stop-order.md)): The checklist requires the user to understand what triggers the order, whether it becomes a market or limit order, what can happen in a gap, how the bro...
- [Checklist: Before You Buy a Stock](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-before-you-buy-a-stock/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-before-you-buy-a-stock.md)): A structured pre-purchase checklist covering business quality, valuation, risk, and position sizing for individual stock investors.
- [Checklist: Evaluating a Mutual Fund or ETF](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-evaluating-a-mutual-fund-or-etf/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-evaluating-a-mutual-fund-or-etf.md)): A practical checklist for comparing and selecting mutual funds and ETFs: costs, index methodology, tracking error, tax efficiency, and liquidity.
- [Checklist: Opening a Brokerage Account](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-opening-a-brokerage-account/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-opening-a-brokerage-account.md)): A step-by-step checklist for choosing & opening a brokerage account: account types, fee structures, platform features, & what to set up before your first trade.
- [Checklist: Reading an Annual Report](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-reading-an-annual-report/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/checklist-reading-an-annual-report.md)): A structured guide to reading a company's 10-K: what sections matter most, what red flags to look for, and how to extract key financial data efficiently.
- [Comparison Matrix](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/comparison-matrix-active-vs-passive-investing/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/comparison-matrix-active-vs-passive-investing.md)): Side-by-side comparison of active and passive investment approaches: performance evidence, costs, tax efficiency, behavioral factors.
- [Comparison Matrix: ETF vs. Mutual Fund](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/comparison-matrix-etf-vs-mutual-fund/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/comparison-matrix-etf-vs-mutual-fund.md)): Side-by-side comparison of ETFs and mutual funds: trading mechanics, tax efficiency, costs, minimum investments, fractional shares.
- [Comparison Matrix](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/comparison-matrix-growth-vs-value-investing/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/comparison-matrix-growth-vs-value-investing.md)): Compares growth and value investment styles: definitions, valuation characteristics, historical return evidence, the factor research on the value premium.
- [Comparison Matrix](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/comparison-matrix-roth-vs-traditional-ira/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/comparison-matrix-roth-vs-traditional-ira.md)): Side-by-side comparison of Roth IRA and traditional IRA: contribution limits, income limits, tax treatment, withdrawal rules, RMD requirements.
- [Comparison Matrix: Stocks vs. Bonds](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/comparison-matrix-stocks-vs-bonds/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/comparison-matrix-stocks-vs-bonds.md)): Side-by-side comparison of stocks and bonds as asset classes: return and risk characteristics, correlation, how each behaves in economic scenarios.
- [Comparison Matrix](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/comparison-matrix-taxable-vs-tax-advantaged/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/comparison-matrix-taxable-vs-tax-advantaged.md)): Side-by-side comparison of taxable brokerage accounts and tax-advantaged retirement accounts (401k, IRA, Roth IRA): tax treatment, withdrawal flexibility.
- [Autopsy of a Concentrated Growth Portfolio](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/concentrated-growth-portfolio-autopsy/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/concentrated-growth-portfolio-autopsy.md)): Examines how a portfolio concentrated in high-growth stocks performs in different market regimes, what warning signs appeared before the drawdown.
- [Autopsy of a Covered-Call Income Portfolio](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/covered-call-income-portfolio-autopsy/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/covered-call-income-portfolio-autopsy.md)): Examines how covered-call income strategies perform in severe drawdowns, why the premium collected does not meaningfully offset equity losses.
- [Autopsy of a Crypto Yield Strategy](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/crypto-yield-strategy-autopsy/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/crypto-yield-strategy-autopsy.md)): Examines how crypto yield strategies (lending, staking, yield farming) generate returns, what risks are obscured by the advertised rate.
- [How CPI Is Built](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-cpi/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-cpi.md)): A CPI data page should state the population, geography, basket, weighting, seasonal-adjustment status, index base, and change calculation before display...
- [How to Store FRED Series Without Losing Context](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-fred-series/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-fred-series.md)): A FRED observation without series metadata is incomplete. Keep the source, units, frequency, seasonal adjustment, transformation, observat...
- [How GDP Data Should Be Read & Versioned](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-gdp/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-gdp.md)): GDP is revised over time, so a research system should store release date and vintage alongside the value. It should also distinguish nominal from real G...
- [How Credit Ratings Are Assigned](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-how-credit-ratings-are-assigned/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-how-credit-ratings-are-assigned.md)): How Moody's, S&P, and Fitch assign ratings to bonds and issuers, what the letter grades mean, and the limitations of ratings as a risk signal.
- [How Major Economic Indicators Are Constructed](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-how-economic-indicators-are-constructed/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-how-economic-indicators-are-constructed.md)): A guide to the methodology behind GDP, CPI, unemployment, PMI, & other key economic releases: what they measure, how they are sampled, & where they can mislead.
- [How ETF NAV Is Calculated](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-how-etf-nav-is-calculated/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-how-etf-nav-is-calculated.md)): Understand how an ETF's net asset value is computed daily, why market price differs from NAV, and how the creation-redemption mechanism keeps the two close.
- [How Index Returns Are Calculated](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-how-index-returns-are-calculated/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-how-index-returns-are-calculated.md)): A plain-language guide to how price return, total return, and net return indexes are constructed, rebalanced, and reported by major providers.
- [How Volatility Is Measured in Financial Markets](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-how-volatility-is-measured/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-how-volatility-is-measured.md)): From historical standard deviation to implied volatility and VIX: a guide to the major volatility measures used in investment analysis and risk management.
- [SEC Companyfacts Data](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-sec-companyfacts/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-sec-companyfacts.md)): The SEC's data APIs provide submissions history and extracted XBRL financial-statement data without an API key. A production research layer still needs ...
- [Total Return Calculation Methodology](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-total-return/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/data-methodology-total-return.md)): Total return combines price change and cash distributions over a defined period. A defensible methodology states how dividends or distributions are rein...
- [Why Did a Company Cut Its Dividend?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/dividend-cut-diagnostic-tree/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/dividend-cut-diagnostic-tree.md)): A dividend cut can be driven by falling free cash flow, leverage, refinancing pressure, cyclicality, a major acquisition, capital requirements, or a del...
- [What the Evidence Says About Diversification](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/evidence-review-diversification/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/evidence-review-diversification.md)): Examines the empirical evidence on portfolio diversification: what research shows about the number of holdings needed, correlation behavior in stress.
- [Dividend Yield Is Not Total Return](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/evidence-review-dividend-yield-total-return/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/evidence-review-dividend-yield-total-return.md)): Reviews the evidence distinguishing dividend yield from total return, examines whether high-dividend stocks produce better total returns.
- [What the Evidence Says About Investment Fees](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/evidence-review-investment-fees/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/evidence-review-investment-fees.md)): Reviews the empirical evidence on the relationship between fund fees and performance, including long-run return drag, the expense ratio as a predictor of fund.
- [What the Evidence Says About Market Timing](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/evidence-review-market-timing/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/evidence-review-market-timing.md)): Reviews the empirical evidence on whether market timing strategies can consistently outperform buy-and-hold investing.
- [What the Evidence Says About Rebalancing](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/evidence-review-rebalancing/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/evidence-review-rebalancing.md)): Reviews the empirical evidence on portfolio rebalancing: what research shows about return impact, risk management benefit, rebalancing frequency.
- [Fact Sheet: Bond Duration](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-bond-duration/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-bond-duration.md)): Concise reference on bond duration: the definition, how to interpret modified duration, the relationship between duration and price sensitivity.
- [Fact Sheet: Dollar-Cost Averaging](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-dollar-cost-averaging/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-dollar-cost-averaging.md)): Concise reference on dollar-cost averaging (DCA): the mechanics, the evidence on lump sum versus DCA performance, the behavioral case for DCA.
- [Drawdown Fact Sheet](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-drawdown/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-drawdown.md)): Drawdown measures the decline from a prior peak to a subsequent trough. It describes path-dependent loss experience better than average volatility alone...
- [Duration Fact Sheet: What It Measures](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-duration/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-duration.md)): Duration is a family of measures used to summarize interest-rate sensitivity and timing of cash flows. It is useful for first-order rate-risk analysis b...
- [Free Cash Flow Fact Sheet](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-free-cash-flow/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-free-cash-flow.md)): Free cash flow is intended to capture cash generated after operating needs and required investment, but there is no single universal definition. Analyst...
- [Fact Sheet: Index Funds](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-index-funds/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-index-funds.md)): Concise reference on index funds: what they are, how they work, the key performance evidence, cost comparison with active management.
- [Fact Sheet: Market Capitalization](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-market-capitalization/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-market-capitalization.md)): Concise reference on market capitalization: the definition, how it is calculated, the size categories (large, mid, small, micro cap).
- [Fact Sheet: Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-reits/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-reits.md)): Concise reference on REITs: how they work, tax treatment, the main REIT categories, historical return and correlation characteristics.
- [Tracking Difference Fact Sheet](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-tracking-difference/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-tracking-difference.md)): Tracking difference is the realized gap between a fund's return and the return of its benchmark over a period. It captures more than the stated expense ...
- [Yield Curve Fact Sheet](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-yield-curve/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fact-sheet-yield-curve.md)): A yield curve plots yields across maturities for otherwise comparable debt. Its shape summarizes term pricing at a moment in time, but interpretation re...
- [Concentration Disguised by Fund Count](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-concentration-disguised-by-fund-count/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-concentration-disguised-by-fund-count.md)): Owning several diversified vehicles can still create a concentrated portfolio when their largest holdings, sectors, factors, or countries overlap. The f...
- [Hidden Correlation](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-hidden-correlation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-hidden-correlation.md)): Assets that look different by label can share the same economic driver. In stress, correlations can rise because liquidity needs, leverage, or a common ...
- [Failure Pattern: Home Country Bias](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-home-country-bias/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-home-country-bias.md)): Examines why investors systematically over-allocate to their home country's equities relative to market-cap weights, the return consequences.
- [The Leverage Feedback Loop](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-leverage-feedback-loop/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-leverage-feedback-loop.md)): Leverage magnifies losses and can create forced selling when collateral or risk limits are breached. The feedback loop is loss, reduced equity, tighter ...
- [Liquidity Mismatch: When the Asset](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-liquidity-mismatch/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-liquidity-mismatch.md)): Liquidity mismatch appears when investors can demand cash faster than the underlying assets can be sold at reasonable prices. It is a recurring mechanis...
- [Failure Pattern: Mental Accounting](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-mental-accounting/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-mental-accounting.md)): Explains mental accounting as an investment failure pattern: how treating money in separate mental buckets produces irrational decisions.
- [Failure Pattern: Overtrading](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-overtrading/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-overtrading.md)): Analyzes the overtrading failure pattern: why high trading frequency consistently produces worse returns, the mechanics of transaction cost drag.
- [Failure Pattern: Panic Selling](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-panic-selling/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-panic-selling.md)): Examines the panic selling failure pattern: the documented costs of selling during market drawdowns, the return impact of missing recovery periods.
- [Failure Pattern: Performance Chasing](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-performance-chasing/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-performance-chasing.md)): Analyzes the performance-chasing failure pattern: the documented tendency of investors to buy recent winners and sell recent losers, the return consequences.
- [The Refinancing Wall](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-refinancing-wall/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/failure-pattern-refinancing-wall.md)): A company can remain solvent on paper yet face acute risk if a large amount of debt matures when capital markets are expensive or closed. The core varia...
- [FINRA BrokerCheck](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/finra-brokercheck-source-guide/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/finra-brokercheck-source-guide.md)): Explains FINRA BrokerCheck: what information it contains, how to use it to research brokers and investment advisers, and what regulatory disclosures.
- [Forecast Scorecard](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-analyst-earnings-estimates/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-analyst-earnings-estimates.md)): How accurate are Wall Street earnings estimates? A review of the systematic biases in analyst EPS forecasts and how investors can calibrate around them.
- [Analyst Earnings Forecast Scorecard](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-analyst-earnings-methodology/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-analyst-earnings-methodology.md)): An earnings forecast scorecard should distinguish point estimates from ranges, consensus from individual analysts, fiscal periods, estimate dates, later...
- [Forecast Scorecard](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-commodity-price-predictions/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-commodity-price-predictions.md)): How accurate are oil, gold, and agricultural commodity price forecasts from banks, the EIA, & futures markets? What the record says about commodity prediction.
- [Federal Reserve Projection Scorecard](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-fed-projections-methodology/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-fed-projections-methodology.md)): A forecast scorecard should preserve the forecast exactly as published, record the horizon and definition, compare it with the later realized value usin...
- [Inflation Forecast Scorecard](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-inflation-methodology/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-inflation-methodology.md)): Inflation forecasts must be compared using the same index, seasonal treatment, time horizon, and measurement convention. A CPI year-over-year forecast c...
- [Forecast Scorecard](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-interest-rate-predictions/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-interest-rate-predictions.md)): How accurate are professional forecasters, Fed dot plots, and market pricing at predicting where interest rates will be in 6, 12, and 24 months?
- [Price-Target Accuracy Scorecard](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-price-targets-methodology/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-price-targets-methodology.md)): Price targets should be evaluated against their stated horizon, adjusted for splits and distributions when appropriate, and separated from the underlyin...
- [Recession Forecast Scorecard](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-recession-methodology/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-recession-methodology.md)): A recession forecast is not a single number unless the forecaster specifies the recession definition, horizon, probability, and date of the forecast. Sc...
- [Forecast Scorecard](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-recession-predictions/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-recession-predictions.md)): How well do economists, yield curve models, and prediction markets predict US recessions? A scorecard of the major forecasting approaches.
- [Forecast Scorecard](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-stock-market-predictions/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/forecast-scorecard-stock-market-predictions.md)): How accurate are year-end S&P 500 price targets from major banks, and what does research say about return predictability in equity markets?
- [FRED Economic Data](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fred-economic-data-source-guide/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/fred-economic-data-source-guide.md)): Explains FRED (Federal Reserve Economic Data) from the St. Louis Fed: what economic series it contains, how to find relevant data.
- [Why Is My Portfolio So Volatile?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/high-portfolio-volatility-diagnostic/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/high-portfolio-volatility-diagnostic.md)): Identifies the structural causes of unexpectedly high portfolio volatility, including concentration, leverage, correlation breakdown, and factor loading.
- [Why a High-Yield-Chasing Portfolio Can Fail](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/high-yield-chasing-portfolio-post-mortem/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/high-yield-chasing-portfolio-post-mortem.md)): Examines how yield-focused fixed-income portfolios underperform during credit stress, why yield reflects risk rather than return.
- [Autopsy of an Illiquid Alternative Investment](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/illiquid-alternative-investment-autopsy/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/illiquid-alternative-investment-autopsy.md)): Examines how illiquidity premiums promised by non-traded REITs, private credit, and interval funds fail to materialize when investors need liquidity.
- [Individual Bonds or a Bond Fund?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/individual-bonds-vs-bond-fund-decision-guide/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/individual-bonds-vs-bond-fund-decision-guide.md)): Compares individual bond ownership versus bond funds and ETFs across liquidity, transparency, maturity targeting, cost.
- [Why Did This Investment Lose Money?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/investment-loss-diagnostic/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/investment-loss-diagnostic.md)): A structured post-loss diagnostic framework covering the four categories of investment losses: market-wide (systematic), sector, company-specific.
- [Autopsy of a Long-Term Leveraged ETF Hold](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/leveraged-etf-long-hold-autopsy/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/leveraged-etf-long-hold-autopsy.md)): Examines how daily-reset leverage produces volatility decay that erodes long-term returns, why this creates systematic underperformance versus the stated.
- [Lump Sum or Dollar-Cost Averaging?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/lump-sum-vs-dollar-cost-averaging-decision-guide/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/lump-sum-vs-dollar-cost-averaging-decision-guide.md)): Compares lump-sum investing versus dollar-cost averaging, reviews the historical evidence on which produces better outcomes.
- [Why Owning Many Funds Can Still Leave a Portfolio Concentrated](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/many-funds-hidden-concentration-post-mortem/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/many-funds-hidden-concentration-post-mortem.md)): Examines how holding multiple mutual funds and ETFs can produce hidden concentration in the same underlying holdings or factors.
- [Market Order or Limit Order?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/market-vs-limit-order-decision-guide/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/market-vs-limit-order-decision-guide.md)): Explains when market orders and limit orders are appropriate, what failure each exposes investors to, and how to choose based on trade size, liquidity.
- [Individual Bond vs. Bond Fund](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/matrix-individual-bond-vs-bond-fund/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/matrix-individual-bond-vs-bond-fund.md)): This matrix separates maturity, cash-flow certainty, diversification, reinvestment, pricing, liquidity, and management so the reader can see where an in...
- [Money Market Fund vs. Bank Savings Account: Comparison Matrix](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/matrix-money-market-fund-vs-bank-savings/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/matrix-money-market-fund-vs-bank-savings.md)): This matrix compares legal structure, protection regime, yield mechanics, liquidity, transaction process, and the risks that matter when a user treats e...
- [Roth IRA vs. Traditional IRA](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/matrix-roth-vs-traditional-ira/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/matrix-roth-vs-traditional-ira.md)): The key distinction is the timing and eligibility of tax benefits: traditional IRA contributions may be deductible depending on circumstances and qualif...
- [Target-Date Fund vs. Balanced Fund](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/matrix-target-date-fund-vs-balanced-fund/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/matrix-target-date-fund-vs-balanced-fund.md)): Both can provide diversified multi-asset exposure, but a target-date fund normally changes its asset mix along a glide path while a balanced fund usuall...
- [Treasury Bills vs. Bank CDs](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/matrix-treasury-bills-vs-bank-cds/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/matrix-treasury-bills-vs-bank-cds.md)): Treasury bills and bank certificates of deposit can both serve short-horizon saving goals, but they differ in issuer, marketability, insurance, taxation...
- [Anchoring to Your Purchase Price](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-anchoring-purchase-price/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-anchoring-purchase-price.md)): The market does not know or care what an investor paid. Anchoring turns an arbitrary personal reference point into a decision rule and can delay necessa...
- [Mistake Lab: Anchoring to Purchase Price](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-anchoring-to-purchase-price/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-anchoring-to-purchase-price.md)): How anchoring to a stock's purchase price distorts sell and hold decisions, the psychology behind it, the documented costs.
- [Ignoring Taxes Until After the Trade](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-ignoring-taxes/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-ignoring-taxes.md)): Taxes can change the realized outcome of otherwise identical pre-tax returns. The mistake is not that every decision should be tax-minimized, but that t...
- [Mistake Lab: Neglecting Tax Drag](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-neglecting-tax-drag/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-neglecting-tax-drag.md)): How ignoring taxes erodes investment returns: the compounding cost of annual tax drag, the difference between pre-tax and after-tax returns.
- [Mistake Lab: Overconfidence in Stock Picking](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-overconfidence-in-stock-picking/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-overconfidence-in-stock-picking.md)): How overconfidence bias causes investors to overtrade, underestimate risk, and earn lower returns -- with the evidence from brokerage account studies.
- [Overtrading: When Activity Becomes the Objective](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-overtrading/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-overtrading.md)): Trading activity can feel like control, but every trade creates a new opportunity for spread, slippage, tax, timing, and behavioral error. The lab asks ...
- [Performance Chasing](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-performance-chasing/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-performance-chasing.md)): Performance chasing happens when recent returns become the primary reason to buy. The mistake is treating a realized past outcome as if it were a stable...
- [Mistake Lab: Recency Bias in Asset Allocation](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-recency-bias-in-asset-allocation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-recency-bias-in-asset-allocation.md)): How recency bias causes investors to chase recent top performers and abandon recent underperformers, the evidence on return chasing.
- [Mistake Lab: Selling Winners Too Early](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-selling-winners-too-early/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-selling-winners-too-early.md)): Anatomy of the disposition effect: why investors sell winning positions prematurely, the behavioral psychology behind it, the documented cost in returns.
- [Confusing Yield With Return](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-yield-vs-return/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/mistake-lab-yield-vs-return.md)): Yield is a cash-flow rate; total return includes both income and changes in value. Treating the two as interchangeable can make a deteriorating asset lo...
- [Money Market Fund or Bank Savings Account? What Actually Changes](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/money-market-fund-vs-bank-savings-decision-guide/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/money-market-fund-vs-bank-savings-decision-guide.md)): Compares money market funds and FDIC-insured bank savings accounts across safety, yield, liquidity, and regulatory protection to clarify what investors.
- [Myth: Bonds Cannot Lose Money](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-bonds-cannot-lose-money/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-bonds-cannot-lose-money.md)): Bond prices can fall when interest rates rise, credit quality deteriorates, liquidity disappears, or an issuer defaults. Holding an individual bond to m...
- [Myth: A High Dividend Yield Means Safer Income](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-high-dividend-yield-safer-income/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-high-dividend-yield-safer-income.md)): Dividend yield can rise because the dividend increased, but it can also rise because the share price fell. A high yield is therefore a prompt to investi...
- [Myth: The Lowest Expense Ratio Always Means the Cheapest ETF](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-lowest-expense-ratio-cheapest-etf/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-lowest-expense-ratio-cheapest-etf.md)): Expense ratio matters, but an ETF's realized cost can also reflect tracking difference, spread, premium/discount behavior, taxes, and trading frequency....
- [Myth: More Funds Automatically Means More Diversification](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-more-funds-more-diversification/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-more-funds-more-diversification.md)): Several funds can hold the same securities or express the same sector, factor, duration, or country exposure. Diversification should be measured by unde...
- [Myth: A Stop-Loss Order Guarantees Your Maximum Loss](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-stop-loss-guarantees-maximum-loss/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-stop-loss-guarantees-maximum-loss.md)): A stop price is a trigger, not a guaranteed execution price. In a fast or gapping market, the resulting market order can execute materially away from th...
- [Myth vs. Fact: Diversification](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-vs-fact-diversification/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-vs-fact-diversification.md)): Addresses common misconceptions about diversification: what it actually eliminates versus cannot eliminate, how much diversification is needed.
- [Myth vs. Fact: Dollar-Cost Averaging](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-vs-fact-dollar-cost-averaging/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-vs-fact-dollar-cost-averaging.md)): Addresses common misconceptions about dollar-cost averaging (DCA): whether it guarantees a lower average cost, whether it outperforms lump-sum investing.
- [Myth vs. Fact: Passive Investing](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-vs-fact-passive-investing/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-vs-fact-passive-investing.md)): Addresses the most common misconceptions about index funds and passive investing, including claims about market efficiency, crisis behavior.
- [Myth vs. Fact: Real Estate as an Investment](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-vs-fact-real-estate-investing/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-vs-fact-real-estate-investing.md)): Addresses common misconceptions about real estate investing: whether real estate always appreciates, how leverage affects returns and risk.
- [Myth vs. Fact: Stock Market Predictions](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-vs-fact-stock-market-predictions/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/myth-vs-fact-stock-market-predictions.md)): Addresses the evidence on whether market predictions from analysts, economists, strategists, and investors are reliable.
- [Why Is My Portfolio More Volatile Than I Expected?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/portfolio-volatility-diagnostic-tree/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/portfolio-volatility-diagnostic-tree.md)): Unexpected portfolio volatility often comes from hidden concentration, correlated funds, leverage, currency exposure, duration, or a mismatch between th...
- [Research Protocol](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-analyzing-a-company-balance-sheet/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-analyzing-a-company-balance-sheet.md)): How to read a corporate balance sheet: the key ratios to calculate, common red flags, how to assess liquidity and leverage.
- [Bond-Fund Due-Diligence Protocol](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-bond-fund-due-diligence/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-bond-fund-due-diligence.md)): Bond-fund research should separate duration, curve exposure, credit quality, sector exposure, liquidity, leverage, derivatives, distribution policy, and...
- [Dividend Sustainability Verification Protocol](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-dividend-sustainability/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-dividend-sustainability.md)): Dividend sustainability should be verified from cash generation, payout obligations, debt service, capital needs, cyclicality, and management policy. A ...
- [ETF Due-Diligence Protocol](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-etf-due-diligence/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-etf-due-diligence.md)): ETF due diligence should verify the index or strategy, holdings, concentration, replication method, costs, tracking, liquidity, tax structure, and the c...
- [Research Protocol](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-evaluating-a-stock-before-buying/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-evaluating-a-stock-before-buying.md)): A structured checklist for fundamental stock research: what to verify before buying any stock, from business model to balance sheet to valuation to risks.
- [A Primary-Source Protocol for Reading a 10-K](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-reading-10k/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-reading-10k.md)): A 10-K research protocol should begin with the business and risk sections, reconcile the financial statements, inspect cash flow and footnotes, review d...
- [Research Protocol](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-reading-an-earnings-report/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-reading-an-earnings-report.md)): How to read a quarterly earnings report efficiently: what to check first, the difference between GAAP and non-GAAP metrics.
- [REIT Research Protocol](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-reit/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-reit.md)): REIT research should move from property economics to lease economics, balance-sheet resilience, capital allocation, and only then valuation. That order ...
- [Research Protocol](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-screening-for-value-stocks/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-screening-for-value-stocks.md)): A practical protocol for value stock screening: which metrics to use, how to avoid value traps, the difference between cheap-for-a-reason and genuinely.
- [Research Protocol: Sizing a Position](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-sizing-a-position/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/research-protocol-sizing-a-position.md)): How to determine the right position size for any investment: Kelly criterion intuition, practical position sizing frameworks.
- [Am I on Track for Retirement?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/retirement-on-track-diagnostic/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/retirement-on-track-diagnostic.md)): A structured retirement readiness diagnostic that examines savings accumulation, income replacement rate, portfolio allocation, Social Security integration.
- [What if Credit Spreads Widen Sharply?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-credit-spreads-widen/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-credit-spreads-widen.md)): A credit-spread shock can lower corporate-bond prices, raise refinancing costs, pressure leveraged business models, and tighten financial conditions eve...
- [Scenario: Early Retirement](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-early-retirement-sequence-risk/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-early-retirement-sequence-risk.md)): Models how sequence of returns risk threatens early retirement portfolios, why a bad early sequence causes permanent impairment.
- [What Happens if Stocks Fall 30%?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-equities-fall-30-percent/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-equities-fall-30-percent.md)): A 30% equity decline is a useful stress input only when combined with assumptions about credit spreads, rates, volatility, liquidity, correlation, and i...
- [Scenario: Setting Up Your First Brokerage Account](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-first-brokerage-account-setup/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-first-brokerage-account-setup.md)): Walks through the key decisions when opening a first taxable brokerage account: account type choice, custodian selection criteria.
- [What if Inflation Averages 5% for Three Years?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-inflation-5-percent-three-years/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-inflation-5-percent-three-years.md)): Persistent 5% inflation changes real purchasing power, nominal cash-flow comparisons, bond returns, financing costs, and the hurdle rate for nominal inv...
- [Scenario: Inheriting an IRA](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-inheriting-an-ira/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-inheriting-an-ira.md)): Walks through the rules for inherited IRAs under the SECURE Act and SECURE 2.0, covering spouse vs. non-spouse beneficiary rules, the 10-year rule.
- [Scenario: New Job](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-new-job-401k-rollover-decision/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-new-job-401k-rollover-decision.md)): Works through the decision of what to do with a 401(k) when leaving a job: the four main options (leave in old plan, roll to new plan, roll to IRA, cash out).
- [a Portfolio if Rates Rise 2 Percentage Points?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-rates-rise-200-bps/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-rates-rise-200-bps.md)): A 2-percentage-point rate shock does not affect every asset equally. The first-pass analysis should separate duration-sensitive bonds, leveraged compani...
- [Scenario: Tax-Loss Harvesting in a Down Year](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-tax-loss-harvesting-case-study/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-tax-loss-harvesting-case-study.md)): Works through a concrete tax-loss harvesting scenario showing how realizing losses in a down market creates tax savings.
- [What if the U.S. Dollar Falls 15%?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-us-dollar-falls-15-percent/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/scenario-us-dollar-falls-15-percent.md)): A weaker dollar can affect foreign-asset returns, multinational revenue translation, imported inflation, commodity pricing, and hedged versus unhedged e...
- [SEC EDGAR: A Source Guide for Investors](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/sec-edgar-source-guide/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/sec-edgar-source-guide.md)): Explains what SEC EDGAR is, how to use it to find annual reports (10-K), quarterly reports (10-Q), proxy statements (DEF 14A).
- [How to Read GDP Data From the Bureau of Economic Analysis](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/source-guide-bea-gdp/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/source-guide-bea-gdp.md)): GDP research should distinguish nominal from real output, levels from growth rates, initial estimates from later revisions, and national totals from ind...
- [How to Read CPI Data From the Bureau of Labor Statistics](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/source-guide-bls-cpi/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/source-guide-bls-cpi.md)): CPI is not one number. The correct series depends on population, item scope, seasonal adjustment, geography, and whether the user needs an index level, ...
- [How to Use FRED Without Misreading the Series](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/source-guide-fred/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/source-guide-fred.md)): FRED is a distribution and visualization platform for economic series from many underlying sources. Good research records the source agency, units, freq...
- [How to Use SEC EDGAR as a Primary Source](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/source-guide-sec-edgar/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/source-guide-sec-edgar.md)): EDGAR should be the starting point for claims about a U.S. public company's filings, financial statements, material events, ownership disclosures, and o...
- [How to Use TreasuryDirect for Treasury](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/source-guide-treasurydirect/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/source-guide-treasurydirect.md)): TreasuryDirect is a primary source for auctioned Treasury securities and U.S. savings bonds. The guide separates marketable Treasuries from nonmarketabl...
- [Why a Stop-Loss Plan Can Fail in a Fast Market](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/stop-loss-plan-fast-market-post-mortem/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/stop-loss-plan-fast-market-post-mortem.md)): Examines how stop-loss orders behave during flash crashes, gap openings, and halted markets, the difference between triggering price and execution price.
- [TIPS or I Bonds? A Decision Guide Built Around the Constraints](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/tips-vs-i-bonds-decision-guide/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/tips-vs-i-bonds-decision-guide.md)): Compares Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) and Series I savings bonds across purchase limits, liquidity, tax treatment.
- [TreasuryDirect: A Source Guide](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/treasury-direct-source-guide/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/treasury-direct-source-guide.md)): Explains TreasuryDirect, the U.S. Treasury's direct purchase platform: what securities are available, how auctions work.
- [Why Is My Portfolio Underperforming?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/underperformance-diagnostic-tree/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/underperformance-diagnostic-tree.md)): A structured diagnostic framework for identifying why a portfolio is underperforming its benchmark, covering the four main explanatory categories.
- [Why Volatility Targeting Can Deleverage at the Worst Time](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/volatility-targeting-deleveraging-post-mortem/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/volatility-targeting-deleveraging-post-mortem.md)): Examines how volatility-targeting strategies systematically reduce equity exposure when realized volatility spikes, the procyclical feedback this creates.
- [What Changed: 401(k) Contribution Limits](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-401k-contribution-limits/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-401k-contribution-limits.md)): Tracks the most significant recent changes to 401(k) contribution limits, catch-up provisions, Roth options, and required minimum distributions under SECURE.
- [What Changed: U.S. Cryptocurrency Regulation](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-crypto-regulation-us/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-crypto-regulation-us.md)): Tracks the significant regulatory developments affecting cryptocurrency in the United States, including spot Bitcoin ETF approval.
- [What Changed: ETF Regulation & Structure](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-etf-regulations-2024/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-etf-regulations-2024.md)): Explains the key regulatory changes affecting ETFs since SEC Rule 6c-11 (2019), including how ETF creation/redemption now works, the impact on ETF costs.
- [What Changed When I Bonds Became Electronic-Only?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-i-bonds-electronic-only/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-i-bonds-electronic-only.md)): TreasuryDirect states that, as of January 1, 2025, I Bonds are available electronically rather than as newly issued paper bonds. The product's inflation...
- [What Changed in the SEC's 2023 Money Market Fund Reforms?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-money-market-fund-reforms-2023/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-money-market-fund-reforms-2023.md)): The SEC's 2023 reforms increased minimum daily and weekly liquid-asset requirements, removed the old linkage between liquidity thresholds and redemption...
- [What Changed: Money Market Fund Reforms (2024)](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-money-market-reform-2024/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-money-market-reform-2024.md)): Explains the SEC's 2023 amendments to Rule 2a-7 governing money market funds, effective 2024 to 2025, including the elimination of redemption gates for most.
- [What Changed in Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-rule-10b5-1/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-rule-10b5-1.md)): The SEC's 2022 amendments added cooling-off periods, certifications and representations, limits on overlapping plans, and expanded disclosures around Ru...
- [What Changed in Public-Company Cybersecurity Disclosures?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-sec-cybersecurity-disclosures/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-sec-cybersecurity-disclosures.md)): The SEC's 2023 cybersecurity disclosure rules added standardized requirements around material cybersecurity incidents and periodic disclosure of risk ma...
- [What Changed: Capital Gains Tax Rates](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-short-term-capital-gains-rates/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-short-term-capital-gains-rates.md)): Explains the current long-term and short-term capital gains tax rates, the net investment income tax, how the 3.8% NIIT interacts with capital gains.
- [What Changed When U.S. Securities Settlement Moved to T+1?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-t1-settlement/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/what-changed-t1-settlement.md)): For applicable U.S. securities transactions on or after May 28, 2024, the standard settlement cycle shortened from T+2 to T+1. The change reduced the ti...
- [Why Am I Not Saving Enough?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/why-am-i-not-saving-enough-diagnostic/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/why-am-i-not-saving-enough-diagnostic.md)): A diagnostic framework for identifying whether a savings shortfall is structural (income too low or expenses too high relative to income).
- [Why Did My ETF Underperform Its Index?](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/why-etf-underperformed-index-diagnostic-tree/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/research-lab/why-etf-underperformed-index-diagnostic-tree.md)): ETF underperformance can come from expense ratio, tracking difference, sampling, taxes, trading costs, cash drag, securities lending, timing, or compari...