# Swoopr Investment: Market History
# Scoped content manifest for LLM agents and web crawlers.
# Generated: 2026-10-09
# 161 pages in this section.
# Root index: https://www.getswoopr.com/llms.txt

## Market History

- [Financial History & Market Events](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history.md)): Swoopr's financial history library: 50-plus case studies across banking crises, market crashes, currency collapses, commodity shocks, fraud, and sovereign debt, each built on primary sources.
- [The 1929 Crash and 25-Year Recovery](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/1929-crash/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/1929-crash.md)): The Dow fell 89% from September 1929 to July 1932 and did not regain its peak until November 1954. What made this one different, from Federal Reserve records.
- [The 1973 Oil Shock and 1974 Bear Market](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/1973-oil-shock/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/1973-oil-shock.md)): The 1973 oil embargo quadrupled crude and the S&P 500 fell 48.2% over 21 months with no crash day. Nominal recovery took to 1980, real recovery to 1987.
- [The 1978-79 Oil Shock](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/1978-79-oil-shock/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/1978-79-oil-shock.md)): Iran cut oil output 7 percent of world supply. Crude roughly doubled by 1980, inflation hit 14.8 percent, and the S&P 500 never fell into a bear market.
- [The 1994 Bond Market Selloff](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/1994-bond-market-selloff/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/1994-bond-market-selloff.md)): The Fed raised rates from 3% to 6% in a year, Treasury yields hit 8%, and Orange County went bankrupt. What broke in 1994, verified against primary sources.
- [The 2008 Financial Crisis, in Numbers](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/2008-financial-crisis/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/2008-financial-crisis.md)): The 2008 crisis in numbers: the S&P 500 fell 56.8% over 355 trading days and took until March 2013 to recover. What was visible in advance, and what was not.
- [The 2020 COVID Crash and Recovery](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/2020-covid-crash/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/2020-covid-crash.md)): The S&P 500 fell 33.9% in 23 trading days in early 2020 and closed back at its peak within six months. What the speed hid, and why it is a dangerous template.
- [2022 Rate Shock: Stocks and Bonds Fell](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/2022-rate-shock/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/2022-rate-shock.md)): In 2022 the S&P 500 lost 19.4% and the US aggregate bond market lost 13.0% in the same calendar year. Why the usual hedge failed, and what actually generalizes.
- [Anatomy of a Crisis](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/anatomy-of-a-crisis/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/anatomy-of-a-crisis.md)): A financial crisis follows a recurring causal pattern: vulnerabilities accumulate before the trigger, a catalyst exposes them, contagion spreads through contractual or behavioral links, and policy responses shape recovery. Explore 50 crises through the eight-step anatomy framework.
- [Archegos: The 2021 Swap Collapse](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/archegos-capital-collapse/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/archegos-capital-collapse.md)): A $36 billion family office lost nearly all its capital in four trading days after total return swaps hid its exposure from every bank that financed it.
- [Argentina 2001: End of Convertibility](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/argentina-2001-default/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/argentina-2001-default.md)): Argentina fixed the peso to the dollar by statute in 1991. In December 2001 the banks were locked, the debt defaulted and Congress repealed the law.
- [The Asian Financial Crisis of 1997](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/asian-financial-crisis/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/asian-financial-crisis.md)): Thailand floated the baht on 2 July 1997 and the won fell 55 percent by December. Which Asian pegs broke, which held, and how long output took to recover.
- [Banking Crises: Historical Case Studies](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/banking-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/banking-crises.md)): Banking crises occur when confidence in financial institutions collapses, triggering runs, forced asset sales, and systemic contagion. Eight case studies from the Panic of 1907 to the 2023 U.S. regional banking stress.
- [Black Monday 1987: Record One-Day Fall](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/black-monday-1987/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/black-monday-1987.md)): The Dow fell 22.6% in a single session on 19 October 1987, and no recession followed. What caused it, what changed afterwards, and why it is the odd one out.
- [Black Wednesday and the ERM Crisis](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/black-wednesday-erm-crisis/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/black-wednesday-erm-crisis.md)): On 16 September 1992 the UK raised interest rates twice defending sterling, then suspended ERM membership that evening. What the record shows.
- [Bond-Market Crises: Case Studies](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/bond-market-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/bond-market-crises.md)): Bond-market crises arise when duration, leverage, collateral calls, and forced selling destabilize fixed-income portfolios. This collection examines the UK gilt crisis of 2022, when leveraged LDI strategies created a self-reinforcing spiral.
- [Brazil 1999: The Float of the Real](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/brazil-currency-crisis-1999/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/brazil-currency-crisis-1999.md)): Brazil defended a crawling peg with reserves and a 45 percent rate, then floated the real on 15 January 1999 and still met its first inflation target.
- [The Nixon Shock and Bretton Woods](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/bretton-woods-collapse/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/bretton-woods-collapse.md)): On 15 August 1971 the United States stopped paying gold for foreign official dollars. What broke, what the Smithsonian fix changed, and what the data shows.
- [The Brexit Referendum Market Shock](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/brexit-referendum-shock/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/brexit-referendum-shock.md)): Sterling had its largest two-day dollar fall in nearly 50 years, six UK property funds froze £14.6 billion, and the Bank of England acted within six weeks.
- [China's 2015 Stock Market Crash](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/china-stock-turbulence-2015/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/china-stock-turbulence-2015.md)): Chinese stocks lost about a third of their value in weeks in 2015 after a margin rally collapsed, prompting a state rescue and a currency shock felt worldwide.
- [Commodity Shocks](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/commodity-shocks/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/commodity-shocks.md)): Commodity shocks redistribute income, alter inflation, and transmit into corporate margins and household purchasing power. Six case studies from the 1973 oil embargo to negative oil prices in April 2020.
- [The 2000s Commodity Supercycle](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/commodity-supercycle-2000s/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/commodity-supercycle-2000s.md)): An IMF commodity index, tracked by the Fed, rose 317% from 2001 to 2008, crashed 50% by 2009, then fell 56% more from 2011 to 2016. What drove it, with sources.
- [Crisis Comparison Engine](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/compare/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/compare.md)): Compare historical financial crises side by side on structural vulnerability, catalyst, transmission, policy response, and recovery. Forty-nine curated preset pairs across banking, currency, commodity, crypto, and market-crash episodes.
- [Corporate Collapses](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/corporate-collapses/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/corporate-collapses.md)): Corporate collapses show how leverage, governance failures, and concentrated risk can spill into creditors, counterparties, and markets. Three case studies: Enron, WorldCom, and Archegos Capital.
- [Credit Suisse and the UBS Rescue](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/credit-suisse-ubs-rescue/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/credit-suisse-ubs-rescue.md)): Credit Suisse met its capital and liquidity rules four days before it ceased to exist. Around CHF 16 billion of bonds went to zero and shareholders were paid.
- [$10,000 Through History Simulator](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/crisis-replay/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/crisis-replay.md)): Select a historical financial crisis and see how a $10,000 portfolio with your allocation would have fared. Data pending source verification; simulator output will be published after verification is complete.
- [Crypto Crises: Historical Case Studies](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/crypto-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/crypto-crises.md)): Crypto crises arise from leverage, custody failures, token design flaws, and concentrated counterparty risk. Five case studies from Mt. Gox to the FTX collapse and the Terra/Luna algorithmic stablecoin failure.
- [Currency Crises: Historical Case Studies](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/currency-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/currency-crises.md)): Currency crises occur when confidence in a currency regime breaks, triggering reserve loss, devaluation, and balance-sheet damage for borrowers in foreign currencies. Seven case studies from the Nixon Shock to the Swiss franc shock of 2015.
- [Cyprus's 2013 Bank Deposit Bail-In](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/cyprus-banking-crisis/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/cyprus-banking-crisis.md)): Cyprus taxed uninsured bank deposits to rescue Bank of Cyprus and Laiki in March 2013, the eurozone's first bail-in, and kept capital controls for two years.
- [The DAO Hack and the Ethereum Fork](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/dao-hack-ethereum-fork/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/dao-hack-ethereum-fork.md)): On 17 June 2016 an attacker drained 3.6 million ETH from The DAO using a reentrancy flaw. Ethereum split into two chains rather than accept the loss.
- [Dot-Com Bubble: A 15-Year Recovery](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/dot-com-bubble/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/dot-com-bubble.md)): The Nasdaq Composite fell 77.9% from March 2000 and did not close back at that level until April 2015. Why concentration risk is the lesson, not technology.
- [Drawdown Recovery Explorer](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/drawdown-recovery-explorer/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/drawdown-recovery-explorer.md)): A 50% drawdown requires a 100% gain to break even. Explore five recovery clocks and calculate the required gain for any loss using the formula d / (1 - d).
- [Enron's Collapse: How the Fraud Worked](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/enron-collapse/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/enron-collapse.md)): Enron hid debt inside partnerships it secretly controlled, restated four years of earnings, then filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history 24 days later.
- [Financial History by Era and Decade](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/eras/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/eras.md)): Browse Swoopr market history case studies by era: 1900-1929, 1950-1969, 1970-1989, 1990-2009, and 2010 to present. Each era hub explains the institutional context and links to case studies.
- [1900-1929: Financial History](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/eras/1900-1929/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/eras/1900-1929.md)): Case studies from 1900 to 1929 covering the Panic of 1907, World War I financial disruptions, and the 1929 stock market crash that opened the Great Depression.
- [1950-1969: Financial History](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/eras/1950-1969/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/eras/1950-1969.md)): Case studies from 1950 to 1969 covering the Bretton Woods monetary system, the 1962 Flash Crash, and the early seeds of the Great Inflation through U.S. fiscal expansion.
- [1970-1989: Financial History](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/eras/1970-1989/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/eras/1970-1989.md)): Case studies from 1970 to 1989 covering the Nixon shock, oil crises, Great Inflation and Volcker disinflation, Latin American debt crisis, and Black Monday 1987.
- [1990-2009: Financial History](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/eras/1990-2009/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/eras/1990-2009.md)): Case studies from 1990 to 2009 covering the S&L crisis, Asian Financial Crisis, dot-com bubble, 9/11 market shock, housing bubble, and Global Financial Crisis 2008.
- [2010 to Present: Financial History](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/eras/2010-present/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/eras/2010-present.md)): Case studies from 2010 to present covering the European Sovereign Debt Crisis, crypto booms and busts, meme stocks, COVID crash, 2022 rate shock, SVB collapse, and FTX.
- [The European Sovereign Debt Crisis](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/european-sovereign-debt-crisis/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/european-sovereign-debt-crisis.md)): Ireland and Spain owed less than Germany when the euro crisis began. How bank losses became sovereign losses across five rescue programmes, with verified data.
- [Exchange and Market-Structure Failures](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/exchange-and-market-structure-failures/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/exchange-and-market-structure-failures.md)): Market-structure failures occur when trading rules, algorithms, and fragmented liquidity turn local dislocations into market-wide instability. The Flash Crash of May 6, 2010 is the primary case study.
- [Financial Bubbles](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/financial-bubbles/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/financial-bubbles.md)): Financial bubbles occur when narratives, abundant financing, and extrapolated growth create self-reinforcing price increases followed by painful repricing. Two case studies: the Japanese asset bubble and the dot-com bubble.
- [Financial Fraud: Historical Case Studies](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/financial-fraud/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/financial-fraud.md)): Financial fraud case studies show how trust, custody, and verification failures allow losses to compound before discovery. The primary case study is the Madoff Ponzi scheme, the largest in history.
- [The Flash Crash of May 6, 2010](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/flash-crash-2010/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/flash-crash-2010.md)): On May 6, 2010, a $4.1 billion automated sell program collided with thinning liquidity and high-frequency trading, crashing and recovering stocks in minutes.
- [The FTX Collapse: Timeline and Recovery](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/ftx-collapse/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/ftx-collapse.md)): FTX filed for Chapter 11 on 11 November 2022 with over $8 billion of customer deposits missing. What was public beforehand, and what creditors got back.
- [GameStop and the Meme Stock Squeeze](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/gamestop-meme-stock-mania/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/gamestop-meme-stock-mania.md)): GameStop closed at $19.95 on 12 January 2021 and $347.51 on 27 January. What the SEC staff data found about short covering, options and broker halts.
- [The Great Depression: 1929-1941](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/great-depression/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/great-depression.md)): Real GDP fell 29% and unemployment hit 25% by 1933. This case study covers the banking collapses, deflation and policy response the 1929 crash page does not.
- [The Great Inflation, 1965 to 1982](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/great-inflation-1965-1982/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/great-inflation-1965-1982.md)): US consumer inflation went from 1 percent in 1964 to 14.8 percent in March 1980. What built it, why price controls failed, and what Volcker's cure cost.
- [Greek Sovereign Debt Crisis](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/greek-sovereign-debt-crisis/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/greek-sovereign-debt-crisis.md)): Greek GDP fell 28.5% peak to trough, unemployment hit 28.3%, and bondholders took a 53.5% haircut. The epicentre of Europe's debt crisis, with verified data.
- [The 1990-91 Gulf War Oil Shock](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/gulf-war-oil-shock-1990/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/gulf-war-oil-shock-1990.md)): Iraq's invasion of Kuwait nearly doubled oil prices and knocked 19.9 percent off the S&P 500, which bottomed three months before the war began.
- [Iceland's 2008 Banking Collapse](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/iceland-banking-collapse/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/iceland-banking-collapse.md)): Iceland's banks grew to roughly ten times national output, then failed in ten days. What the inquiry found, and why the euro quote went dark for nine years.
- [The ICO Boom and Bust of 2017-2018](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/ico-boom-and-bust/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/ico-boom-and-bust.md)): The SEC ruled DAO tokens were securities in July 2017. Eighteen months later Ether was down 94 percent and ICO issuers faced fines, not funding.
- [Inflation and Deflation: Case Studies](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/inflation-and-deflation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/inflation-and-deflation.md)): Inflation and deflation episodes show how changes in purchasing power reshape real returns, policy, discount rates, and household planning. The primary case study is the Great Inflation of 1965 to 1982.
- [Interest-Rate Shocks: Case Studies](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/interest-rate-shocks/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/interest-rate-shocks.md)): Interest-rate shocks rapidly reprice bonds, equities, housing, and leveraged strategies. Four case studies: the Volcker disinflation, the 1994 bond selloff, the 2013 taper tantrum, and the 2022 rate shock.
- [Investor Manias: Historical Case Studies](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/investor-manias/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/investor-manias.md)): Investor manias show how narrative, social proof, leverage, and market structure push participation and valuation beyond durable fundamentals. Two case studies: the SPAC boom and bust, and the GameStop meme-stock mania.
- [Japan's Asset Bubble: 34-Year Recovery](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/japan-asset-bubble/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/japan-asset-bubble.md)): The Nikkei 225 peaked at 38,915.87 in December 1989, fell 81.9 percent over nineteen years, and did not close above that level again until February 2024.
- [Latin American Debt Crisis, 1982-1989](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/latin-american-debt-crisis/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/latin-american-debt-crisis.md)): How the 1982 Mexican default spread across Latin America, why Brazil and Argentina followed, and how the Baker and Brady Plans ended the debt crisis.
- [Market History Learning Paths](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn.md)): Eight structured learning paths through Swoopr's market-history case study library. Choose a crisis type, follow a suggested reading sequence, and test your understanding with practice questions.
- [Learn Banking Crises](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn/banking-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn/banking-crises.md)): A structured learning path through seven banking crisis case studies. Understand run mechanics, asset-liability mismatch, confidence failures, resolution tools, and lender-of-last-resort policy.
- [Learn Asset Bubbles & Manias](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn/bubbles-and-manias/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn/bubbles-and-manias.md)): A structured learning path through ten asset bubble and speculative mania case studies. Understand feedback loops, valuation detachment, narrative economics, and the anatomy of market tops.
- [Learn Commodity & Geopolitical Shocks](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn/commodity-and-geopolitical-shocks/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn/commodity-and-geopolitical-shocks.md)): A structured learning path through eight commodity and geopolitical shock case studies. Understand supply disruptions, war premiums, sanctions, energy markets, and cross-asset transmission of geopolitical risk.
- [Learn Corporate Failure & Fraud](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn/corporate-failure-and-fraud/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn/corporate-failure-and-fraud.md)): A structured learning path through eight corporate failure and financial fraud case studies. Understand governance failures, accounting manipulation, incentive problems, and the role of auditors and regulators.
- [Learn Crypto Crises & Market Failures](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn/crypto-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn/crypto-crises.md)): A structured learning path through eight cryptocurrency crisis and market failure case studies. Understand algorithmic stablecoins, exchange insolvency, DeFi contagion, and crypto regulatory events.
- [Learn Currency & Sovereign Crises](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn/currency-and-sovereign-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn/currency-and-sovereign-crises.md)): A structured learning path through ten currency and sovereign debt crisis case studies. Understand currency pegs, external debt, reserves, capital flight, default, and debt restructuring.
- [Learn Inflation & Rate Shocks](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn/inflation-and-rate-shocks/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn/inflation-and-rate-shocks.md)): A structured learning path through eight inflation and interest rate shock case studies. Understand price spirals, central bank credibility, yield curve inversions, and tightening cycle effects.
- [Learn Market Structure Crises](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn/market-structure-and-forced-deleveraging/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/learn/market-structure-and-forced-deleveraging.md)): A structured learning path through eight market structure and forced deleveraging case studies. Understand liquidity crises, margin calls, short squeezes, flash crashes, and the mechanics of fire-sale dynamics.
- [Russian Default and LTCM Crisis, 1998](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/ltcm-and-russian-default/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/ltcm-and-russian-default.md)): On 17 August 1998 Russia defaulted and devalued. Six weeks later a hedge fund levered 25 to 1 nearly failed. How the 1998 crisis actually spread.
- [How the Madoff Ponzi Scheme Collapsed](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/madoff-ponzi-scheme/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/madoff-ponzi-scheme.md)): Madoff confessed to his sons on 10 December 2008 after a fraud a federal trial later traced to the early 1970s. What collapsed it, and what has been recovered.
- [Market Crashes: Historical Case Studies](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/market-crashes/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/market-crashes.md)): Market crashes show how fast repricing becomes a portfolio event through liquidity, positioning, volatility, and forced behavior. Four case studies: the 1929 crash, Black Monday 1987, the China turbulence of 2015, and the 2020 COVID crash.
- [Mexico's 1982 Debt Crisis and Default](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/mexican-debt-crisis-1982/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/mexican-debt-crisis-1982.md)): On 12 August 1982 Mexico told Washington it could not pay its $80 billion debt. How the crisis built, the 18-day bridge loan, and what it actually cost.
- [Mexico's 1994 Peso Crisis](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/mexican-peso-crisis-1994/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/mexican-peso-crisis-1994.md)): In December 1994 Mexico's peso lost nearly a third of its value within days after tesobono debt reached $29.2 billion. A $48.8 billion rescue package followed.
- [Mt. Gox Collapse: Hack, Loss & Recovery](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/mt-gox-collapse/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/mt-gox-collapse.md)): Mt. Gox lost 850,000 bitcoin to an undetected hack, filed for bankruptcy in February 2014, and is still repaying creditors more than a decade later.
- [Negative Oil Prices, April 2020](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/negative-oil-prices-2020/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/negative-oil-prices-2020.md)): On April 20, 2020 the expiring May WTI contract settled at -$37.63 a barrel. What the CFTC's own trading-data investigation found, in order, with sources.
- [The 1986 OPEC Oil Price Collapse](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/opec-oil-collapse-1986/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/opec-oil-collapse-1986.md)): Saudi Arabia abandoned its swing-producer role in late 1985. Crude fell from 27 dollars a barrel to near 11 by mid-1986, and U.S. stocks rallied through it.
- [Panic of 1907: The Run on the Trusts](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/panic-of-1907/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/panic-of-1907.md)): J. P. Morgan stopped a run on New York's trust companies in October 1907 with money that was mostly the Treasury's. How the panic built the Federal Reserve.
- [Evidence-Driven Historical Rankings](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings.md)): Ranked lists of financial crises by drawdown, recovery duration, inflation peak, interest-rate tightening, and more. Every ranking includes its methodology and measurement guardrails.
- [Bank Runs in Financial History: Evidence](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/bank-runs/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/bank-runs.md)): How fast did historical bank runs unfold? A methodology-first comparison covering deposit outflow speed, funding structure, and the difference between classic and digital-era runs.
- [Most Severe Banking Crises Ranked](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/banking-crises-severity/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/banking-crises-severity.md)): How do analysts rank banking crisis severity? A multidimensional framework covering credit losses, systemic spillover, funding structure, and policy response across major episodes.
- [Major Commodity Shocks: Price and Impact](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/commodity-shocks/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/commodity-shocks.md)): Which commodity price shocks mattered most for investors? A methodology-first comparison separating price magnitude from economic impact across major historical episodes.
- [Corporate Collapses: Creditor Outcomes](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/corporate-collapses-outcomes/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/corporate-collapses-outcomes.md)): How did major corporate collapses distribute losses between creditors and equity? A methodology-first comparison separating bankruptcy and fraud outcomes across landmark failures.
- [Historical Currency Devaluations Ranked](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/currency-devaluations/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/currency-devaluations.md)): Which currencies fell furthest in financial crises? A methodology-first comparison of exchange-rate moves specifying currency pair, regime, and measurement window for each episode.
- [Largest Historical Equity Drawdowns](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/equity-drawdowns/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/equity-drawdowns.md)): Which market crashes produced the largest equity drawdowns? A methodology-first comparison of peak-to-trough declines across 50 historical crises with benchmark and return-convention notes.
- [Fastest Historical Market Crashes](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/fastest-crashes/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/fastest-crashes.md)): Which market crashes were fastest peak to trough? Methodology-first comparison of crash speed in calendar days with benchmark, trading-calendar, and severity notes.
- [Historical Inflation Peaks Compared](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/inflation-peaks/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/inflation-peaks.md)): Which historical crises produced the highest inflation peaks? A methodology-first comparison specifying price index, frequency, and annualization convention across major episodes.
- [Major Rate Tightening Cycles in History](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/interest-rate-cycles/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/interest-rate-cycles.md)): Which central bank tightening cycles were most aggressive? A methodology-first comparison specifying policy rate, start and end convention, and market impact across major historical cycles.
- [Longest Market Recoveries in Financial History](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/market-recoveries/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/market-recoveries.md)): Which market crashes took the longest to recover from? Compare price, total-return, and real recovery timelines across historical crises with methodology notes for each measurement.
- [Market vs. Economy Recovery Divergence](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/recovery-clocks/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/recovery-clocks.md)): Why do markets recover before economies after financial crises? A methodology-first comparison of market, economic, and labor recovery clocks across major historical episodes.
- [Largest Sovereign Defaults in History](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/sovereign-defaults/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/rankings/sovereign-defaults.md)): Which sovereign defaults were largest by face value, GDP share, and restructuring depth? A methodology-first comparison across major historical episodes with systemic impact notes.
- [Recessions and Depressions: Case Studies](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/recessions-and-depressions/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/recessions-and-depressions.md)): Recessions and depressions transmit through demand, employment, credit, defaults, policy, and asset prices on different recovery clocks. The primary case study is the Great Depression of 1929 to 1941.
- [Financial History by Country and Region](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/regions/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/regions.md)): Browse Swoopr market history case studies by country and region: United States, Europe and UK, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Russia and Eastern Europe, and global cross-border episodes.
- [Asia-Pacific: Financial History](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/regions/asia-pacific/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/regions/asia-pacific.md)): Case studies of Asia-Pacific financial crises including the Japanese asset bubble, Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, Mt. Gox collapse, and China stock market turbulence 2015.
- [Europe & United Kingdom](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/regions/europe-and-united-kingdom/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/regions/europe-and-united-kingdom.md)): Case studies of European and U.K. financial crises including ERM crisis, European sovereign debt crisis, Iceland banking collapse, and the UK gilt crisis of 2022.
- [Global & Cross-Border: Financial History](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/regions/global-cross-border/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/regions/global-cross-border.md)): Case studies of global financial crises that crossed borders through commodity shocks, currency contagion, and capital-market linkages, from the Great Depression to FTX.
- [Latin America: Financial History](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/regions/latin-america/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/regions/latin-america.md)): Case studies of Latin American financial crises including the 1982 debt crisis, Mexican Peso Crisis, Argentina default, and Brazil currency crisis of 1999.
- [Russia & Eastern Europe](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/regions/russia-and-eastern-europe/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/regions/russia-and-eastern-europe.md)): Case studies of Russian and Eastern European financial crises including the 1998 default, Russian financial crisis, and the 2022 Russia-Ukraine war market shock.
- [United States: Financial History](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/regions/united-states/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/regions/united-states.md)): Case studies of U.S. financial crises, market crashes, banking panics, and policy shocks from 1907 to 2023. Explore 22 episodes through the Swoopr anatomy framework.
- [Russia-Ukraine War Market Shock 2022](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/russia-ukraine-market-shock-2022/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/russia-ukraine-market-shock-2022.md)): Brent crude rose 34% in two weeks, European gas jumped 55% in a month, and the LME suspended nickel after prices doubled in hours. The verified numbers.
- [Savings and Loan Crisis: What It Cost](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/savings-and-loan-crisis/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/savings-and-loan-crisis.md)): The savings and loan crisis in numbers: 1,043 thrifts failed between 1986 and 1995, at a reconciled cost of $152.9 billion. Why regulators waited six years.
- [Search Market History Case Studies](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/search/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/search.md)): Search and filter 56 market history case studies covering crashes, banking crises, bubbles, currency crises, commodity shocks, and more from 1907 to 2023. Filter by category or search by keyword.
- [The September 11 Market Shock](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/september-11-market-shock/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/september-11-market-shock.md)): Trading never opened. Four days later the market reopened to the largest one-day point drop on record, after the Fed flooded banks with liquidity.
- [Signal vs. Hindsight Library](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/signal-vs-hindsight/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/signal-vs-hindsight.md)): Separate observable risk signals from hindsight across 50 historical crises. Browse what was knowable before each episode and what only became clear after the outcome, to build better scenario analysis.
- [Silver Thursday: Hunt Brothers Crisis](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/silver-thursday-hunt-brothers/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/silver-thursday-hunt-brothers.md)): On March 27, 1980, silver crashed as Hunt brothers margin calls went unmet. The chronology, the Fed chairman's own account, and the $1.1 billion rescue loan.
- [Sovereign Debt Crises: Case Studies](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/sovereign-debt-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/sovereign-debt-crises.md)): Sovereign debt crises arise when government solvency, currency regime, and external financing break down, leading to restructuring or default. Six case studies from the Latin American debt crisis to the Greek sovereign debt crisis.
- [The SPAC Boom and Bust of 2020-2022](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/spac-boom-and-bust/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/spac-boom-and-bust.md)): SPACs raised over $80 billion in 2020 alone, then SEC warrant guidance, rate hikes, and a redemption wave unwound the boom, closing with new SEC rules in 2024.
- [Silicon Valley Bank: The 2023 Bank Run](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/svb-2023-banking-stress/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/svb-2023-banking-stress.md)): Silicon Valley Bank lost over $40 billion of deposits in one day and was closed the next. What its own 10-K disclosed in advance, and what it did not.
- [The Swiss Franc Shock of 2015](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/swiss-franc-shock-2015/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/swiss-franc-shock-2015.md)): On January 15, 2015 the Swiss National Bank scrapped its franc-euro floor weeks after vowing utmost determination to defend it. What its own filings show.
- [2013 Taper Tantrum: What Happened](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/taper-tantrum-2013/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/taper-tantrum-2013.md)): In 2013 the Fed only hinted that bond buying might slow, and the 10-year Treasury yield jumped 132 basis points while the Indian rupee hit a record low.
- [Terra/LUNA and UST: The 2022 Collapse](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/terra-luna-collapse/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/terra-luna-collapse.md)): UST lost its dollar peg on May 7, 2022, and $40 billion in LUNA and UST value vanished within a week. What the mint-and-burn mechanism did, and who was charged.
- [Then vs. Now: Market History Comparisons](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now.md)): Compare historical market crises to modern conditions. Learn which mechanisms are genuinely comparable and which structural differences matter most for investors.
- [1973-74 Oil Shock vs. Commodity Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/1973-74-oil-shock-and-bear-market-and-modern-commodity-shocks/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/1973-74-oil-shock-and-bear-market-and-modern-commodity-shocks.md)): How the 1973-74 oil shock and bear market compares to modern commodity shock risk: supply constraints, inflation transmission, and commodity market structure differ meaningfully today.
- [1973-74 Oil Shock vs. Energy Shocks](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/1973-74-oil-shock-and-bear-market-vs-modern-energy-shocks/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/1973-74-oil-shock-and-bear-market-vs-modern-energy-shocks.md)): How the 1973-74 oil shock compares to modern energy shocks: supply constraints, inflation pass-through, monetary policy responses, and sector dispersion differ by era and energy mix.
- [1978-79 Oil Shock vs. Commodity Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/1978-79-oil-shock-and-modern-commodity-shocks/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/1978-79-oil-shock-and-modern-commodity-shocks.md)): How the 1978-79 oil shock compares to modern commodity shock risk: the Iran Revolution supply disruption illustrates how geopolitical events transmit through energy markets.
- [1994 Bond Selloff vs. Rate-Shock Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/1994-bond-market-selloff-and-modern-interest-rate-shocks/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/1994-bond-market-selloff-and-modern-interest-rate-shocks.md)): How the 1994 bond market selloff compares to modern interest-rate shock risk: the mechanics of unexpected tightening, duration losses, and market repricing remain relevant.
- [Taper Tantrum vs. Rate-Shock Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/2013-taper-tantrum-and-modern-interest-rate-shocks/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/2013-taper-tantrum-and-modern-interest-rate-shocks.md)): How the 2013 Taper Tantrum compares to modern interest-rate shock risk: communication-driven rate jumps, duration losses, and emerging-market spillovers share structural patterns.
- [Archegos Collapse vs. Corporate Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/archegos-capital-collapse-and-modern-corporate-collapses/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/archegos-capital-collapse-and-modern-corporate-collapses.md)): How the Archegos Capital collapse compares to modern corporate collapse risk: total return swaps, concentrated leverage, and prime broker risk management gaps recur in similar structures.
- [Argentina 2001 Default vs. Debt Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/argentina-2001-02-default-and-convertibility-collapse-and-modern-sovereign-debt-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/argentina-2001-02-default-and-convertibility-collapse-and-modern-sovereign-debt-crises.md)): How Argentina's 2001-02 default and convertibility collapse compares to modern sovereign debt risk: the largest sovereign default up to that point illustrates currency board failure and depositor losses.
- [Madoff Scheme vs. Financial Fraud Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/bernard-madoff-ponzi-scheme-collapse-and-modern-financial-fraud/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/bernard-madoff-ponzi-scheme-collapse-and-modern-financial-fraud.md)): How the Madoff Ponzi scheme compares to modern financial fraud risk: custody segregation, independent auditing, and due diligence gaps share structural features across fraud episodes.
- [Black Monday 1987 vs. Market Crash Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/black-monday-1987-and-modern-market-crashes/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/black-monday-1987-and-modern-market-crashes.md)): How Black Monday 1987 compares to modern market crash risk: portfolio insurance feedback loops, single-day drawdown records, and the circuit breaker system introduced afterward remain relevant references.
- [Bretton Woods vs. Currency Crisis Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/bretton-woods-collapse-and-nixon-shock-and-modern-currency-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/bretton-woods-collapse-and-nixon-shock-and-modern-currency-crises.md)): How the Bretton Woods collapse and Nixon Shock compares to modern currency crisis risk: the end of dollar-gold convertibility illustrates how reserve currency dynamics and peg stress operate.
- [Brexit Shock vs. Geopolitical Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/brexit-referendum-market-shock-and-modern-wars-and-geopolitical-events/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/brexit-referendum-market-shock-and-modern-wars-and-geopolitical-events.md)): How the Brexit referendum market shock compares to modern geopolitical event risk: currency moves, sector rotation, and the prolonged structural uncertainty from political events differ from conflict shocks.
- [China 2015 Crash vs. Market Crash Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/china-stock-market-turbulence-2015-and-modern-market-crashes/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/china-stock-market-turbulence-2015-and-modern-market-crashes.md)): How China's 2015 stock market turbulence compares to modern market crash risk: margin-driven retail speculation, circuit breaker failures, and intervention dynamics illustrate emerging-market crash mechanics.
- [DAO Hack and Fork vs. Crypto Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/dao-hack-and-ethereum-fork-and-modern-crypto-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/dao-hack-and-ethereum-fork-and-modern-crypto-crises.md)): How the DAO hack and Ethereum hard fork compares to modern crypto crisis risk: smart contract vulnerabilities, community governance, and code-is-law debates remain active in protocol design.
- [Dot-Com Bubble vs. Bubble Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/dot-com-bubble-and-modern-financial-bubbles/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/dot-com-bubble-and-modern-financial-bubbles.md)): How the dot-com bubble compares to modern financial bubble risk: narrative-driven speculation, venture capital excess, and secondary-market pricing share structural features with later episodes.
- [Enron Collapse vs. Corporate Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/enron-collapse-and-modern-corporate-collapses/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/enron-collapse-and-modern-corporate-collapses.md)): How the Enron collapse compares to modern corporate collapse risk: off-balance-sheet structures, mark-to-market accounting, and governance failures have recurring analogs in later episodes.
- [Black Wednesday vs. Currency Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/erm-crisis-black-wednesday-and-modern-currency-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/erm-crisis-black-wednesday-and-modern-currency-crises.md)): How the 1992 ERM crisis and Black Wednesday compares to modern currency crisis risk: speculative attacks, reserve adequacy, and the political economy of peg defense remain relevant.
- [Flash Crash 2010 vs. Market-Structure](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/flash-crash-of-may-6-2010-and-modern-exchange-and-market-structure-failures/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/flash-crash-of-may-6-2010-and-modern-exchange-and-market-structure-failures.md)): How the May 6, 2010 Flash Crash compares to modern exchange and market-structure failure risk: order-book dynamics, algorithmic feedback loops, and liquidity withdrawal remain structural concerns.
- [Flash Crash 2010 vs. Electronic Markets](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/flash-crash-of-may-6-2010-vs-modern-electronic-market-structure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/flash-crash-of-may-6-2010-vs-modern-electronic-market-structure.md)): How the May 6, 2010 Flash Crash compares to modern electronic market structure: circuit breakers, liquidity fragmentation, and algorithmic execution have evolved since the event.
- [FTX Collapse vs. Digital-Asset Custody](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/ftx-collapse-vs-modern-digital-asset-custody/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/ftx-collapse-vs-modern-digital-asset-custody.md)): How the FTX collapse compares to modern digital-asset custody standards: proof of reserves, segregation requirements, and governance reforms address some but not all of the failure modes.
- [GameStop Mania vs. Investor Mania Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/gamestop-and-meme-stock-mania-and-modern-investor-manias/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/gamestop-and-meme-stock-mania-and-modern-investor-manias.md)): How the GameStop meme-stock mania compares to modern investor mania risk: retail coordination, options-driven gamma squeezes, and narrative momentum are now established risk factors.
- [GameStop vs. Social-Trading Episodes](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/gamestop-and-meme-stock-mania-vs-modern-social-trading-episodes/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/gamestop-and-meme-stock-mania-vs-modern-social-trading-episodes.md)): How the GameStop meme-stock episode compares to modern social-trading events: options mechanics, short interest dynamics, and social coordination distinguish genuine analogs.
- [Great Depression vs. Recession Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/great-depression-and-modern-recessions-and-depressions/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/great-depression-and-modern-recessions-and-depressions.md)): How the Great Depression compares to modern recession and depression risk: bank failures, deflation spirals, and fiscal policy failures have structural analogs that policy frameworks now try to avoid.
- [Great Inflation vs. Inflation Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/great-inflation-1965-1982-and-modern-inflation-and-deflation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/great-inflation-1965-1982-and-modern-inflation-and-deflation.md)): Comparing the Great Inflation of 1965-1982 to modern inflation and deflation risk scenarios: what the historical episode teaches about expectation anchoring and real returns.
- [Great Inflation vs. Inflation Regimes](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/great-inflation-1965-1982-vs-modern-inflation-regimes/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/great-inflation-1965-1982-vs-modern-inflation-regimes.md)): How the 1965-1982 Great Inflation compares to modern inflation regimes: what mechanisms are genuinely comparable and what structural differences matter for investors today.
- [Gulf War Shock vs. Geopolitical Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/gulf-war-oil-and-market-shock-1990-91-and-modern-wars-and-geopolitical-events/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/gulf-war-oil-and-market-shock-1990-91-and-modern-wars-and-geopolitical-events.md)): How the 1990-91 Gulf War market shock compares to modern geopolitical event risk: oil price spikes, risk premium surges, and rapid recoveries illustrate how markets price known geopolitical risks.
- [ICO Boom and Bust vs. Crypto Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/ico-boom-and-bust-2017-2018-and-modern-crypto-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/ico-boom-and-bust-2017-2018-and-modern-crypto-crises.md)): How the 2017-2018 ICO boom and bust compares to modern crypto crisis risk: speculative token issuance, retail participation, and regulatory response share structural patterns with later episodes.
- [Japan Bubble vs. Financial Bubble Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/japanese-asset-price-bubble-and-bust-and-modern-financial-bubbles/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/japanese-asset-price-bubble-and-bust-and-modern-financial-bubbles.md)): How the Japanese asset price bubble compares to modern financial bubble risk: valuation extremes, leverage mechanics, and the slow-motion nature of the bust offer lessons for bubble identification.
- [Japan Bubble vs. Modern Property Bubbles](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/japanese-asset-price-bubble-and-bust-vs-modern-property-asset-bubbles/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/japanese-asset-price-bubble-and-bust-vs-modern-property-asset-bubbles.md)): How the Japanese asset price bubble compares to modern property and asset bubbles: leverage structures, demographic drivers, and balance-sheet repair dynamics differ substantially.
- [Latin American Debt vs. Sovereign Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/latin-american-debt-crisis-and-modern-sovereign-debt-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/latin-american-debt-crisis-and-modern-sovereign-debt-crises.md)): How the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s compares to modern sovereign debt risk: dollar-denominated debt, rollover mechanics, and IMF conditionality remain structurally relevant.
- [Mexico 1982 Debt vs. Sovereign Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/mexican-debt-crisis-1982-and-modern-sovereign-debt-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/mexican-debt-crisis-1982-and-modern-sovereign-debt-crises.md)): How Mexico's 1982 debt default compares to modern sovereign debt crisis risk: the mechanics of external-debt overload, bank exposure, and Brady Plan restructuring have parallels in later crises.
- [Tequila Crisis vs. Currency Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/mexican-peso-crisis-tequila-crisis-and-modern-currency-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/mexican-peso-crisis-tequila-crisis-and-modern-currency-crises.md)): How the 1994 Mexican Peso Crisis compares to modern currency crisis risk: short-term external debt, reserve depletion, and capital account liberalization dynamics appear in subsequent crises.
- [Mt. Gox Collapse vs. Crypto Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/mt-gox-collapse-and-modern-crypto-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/mt-gox-collapse-and-modern-crypto-crises.md)): How the Mt. Gox collapse compares to modern crypto crisis risk: exchange custody failures, missing private keys, and creditor recovery processes share structural features with later collapses.
- [Panic of 1907 vs. Banking Crisis Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/panic-of-1907-and-modern-banking-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/panic-of-1907-and-modern-banking-crises.md)): How the Panic of 1907 compares to modern banking crisis risk: the absence of deposit insurance, the role of private rescue coordination, and run speed are all structurally different today.
- [Panic of 1907 vs. Bank-Run Mechanics](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/panic-of-1907-vs-modern-bank-run-mechanics/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/panic-of-1907-vs-modern-bank-run-mechanics.md)): How the 1907 panic compares to modern bank runs: withdrawal speed, deposit insurance, digital transfers, and lender-of-last-resort mechanics have all changed fundamentally.
- [S&L Crisis vs. Banking Crisis Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/savings-and-loan-crisis-and-modern-banking-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/savings-and-loan-crisis-and-modern-banking-crises.md)): How the US Savings and Loan Crisis compares to modern banking crises: duration mismatches, regulatory forbearance, and deposit insurance design share structural parallels with later episodes.
- [September 11 Shock vs. Geopolitical Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/september-11-market-shock-and-modern-wars-and-geopolitical-events/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/september-11-market-shock-and-modern-wars-and-geopolitical-events.md)): How the September 11 market shock compares to modern geopolitical event risk: market closure, rapid Fed response, and sector dispersion show how sudden shocks transmit through financial markets.
- [Hunt Brothers Crisis vs. Commodity Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/silver-thursday-hunt-brothers-silver-crisis-and-modern-commodity-shocks/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/silver-thursday-hunt-brothers-silver-crisis-and-modern-commodity-shocks.md)): How the Hunt Brothers silver crisis of 1980 compares to modern commodity shock risk: concentrated positions, margin mechanics, and position-limit rules address some but not all failure modes.
- [SPAC Boom and Bust vs. Investor Manias](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/spac-boom-and-bust-2020-2022-and-modern-investor-manias/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/spac-boom-and-bust-2020-2022-and-modern-investor-manias.md)): How the 2020-2022 SPAC boom and bust compares to modern investor mania risk: FOMO dynamics, reflexive pricing, and crowded positioning share structural features across speculative episodes.
- [1929 Crash vs. Modern Market Crash Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/stock-market-crash-of-1929-and-modern-market-crashes/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/stock-market-crash-of-1929-and-modern-market-crashes.md)): How the 1929 stock market crash compares to modern market crash risk: margin mechanics, liquidity withdrawal, and circuit breaker absence differ substantially from the current regulatory environment.
- [Turkey 2000-01 vs. Banking Crisis Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/turkey-financial-crisis-2000-01-and-modern-banking-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/turkey-financial-crisis-2000-01-and-modern-banking-crises.md)): How the Turkey financial crisis of 2000-01 compares to modern banking crisis risk: currency mismatch, short-term funding, and capital outflows illustrate emerging-market banking vulnerabilities.
- [UK Gilt Crisis 2022 vs. Bond Market Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/uk-gilt-crisis-ldi-shock-2022-and-modern-bond-market-crises/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/uk-gilt-crisis-ldi-shock-2022-and-modern-bond-market-crises.md)): How the 2022 UK gilt crisis and LDI shock compares to modern bond-market crisis risk: collateral spirals, forced selling, and duration mismatches in leveraged bond portfolios are systemic concerns.
- [Volcker Disinflation vs. Rate-Shock Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/volcker-disinflation-and-1981-82-recession-and-modern-interest-rate-shocks/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/volcker-disinflation-and-1981-82-recession-and-modern-interest-rate-shocks.md)): How the Volcker-era interest-rate shock compares to modern rate risk: duration exposure, yield curve dynamics, and refinancing vulnerability share structural similarities across episodes.
- [Volcker Disinflation vs. Tightening](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/volcker-disinflation-and-1981-82-recession-vs-modern-tightening-cycles/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/volcker-disinflation-and-1981-82-recession-vs-modern-tightening-cycles.md)): How the Volcker disinflation and 1981-82 recession compares to modern Fed tightening cycles: rate path, labor-market tolerance, and the credibility gap that made the difference.
- [WorldCom Fraud vs. Corporate Risk](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/worldcom-accounting-fraud-and-bankruptcy-and-modern-corporate-collapses/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/then-vs-now/worldcom-accounting-fraud-and-bankruptcy-and-modern-corporate-collapses.md)): How WorldCom's accounting fraud and bankruptcy compares to modern corporate collapse risk: capitalized operating expenses and board oversight failures remain patterns in later collapses.
- [Historical Market Crisis Timeline](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/timeline/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/timeline.md)): A chronological timeline of 57 major market crises, crashes, bubbles, and financial shocks from 1907 to 2023. Filter by era, category, and geography to explore the chain of vulnerability, catalyst, and transmission behind each episode.
- [Turkey's 2000-01 Financial Crisis](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/turkey-financial-crisis-2000/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/turkey-financial-crisis-2000.md)): Turkey floated the lira on 22 February 2001 after its IMF-backed crawling peg broke in two waves. What the crisis cost, and which parts recovered fastest.
- [The UK Gilt Crisis and the LDI Shock](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/uk-gilt-crisis-2022/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/uk-gilt-crisis-2022.md)): A 2022 UK mini-budget sent gilt yields up so fast that leveraged pension hedges triggered margin calls, forcing gilt sales the Bank of England had to stop.
- [Historical Chart & Visualization Library](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/visualization-library/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/visualization-library.md)): The chart framework and visualization standards for 50 historical financial crises. Explains chart families, data verification policy, and links to interactive tools.
- [The Volcker Disinflation, 1979 to 1982](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/volcker-disinflation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/volcker-disinflation.md)): The Volcker disinflation broke 14.8% inflation by pushing the fed funds rate to a record 22.36% and unemployment to 10.8%. What it cost and what it bought.
- [Wars and Geopolitical Events](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/wars-and-geopolitical-events/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/wars-and-geopolitical-events.md)): Geopolitical shocks reach portfolios through energy, trade, sanctions, currencies, supply chains, and changes in risk premia. Four case studies: Gulf War 1990, September 11, Brexit, and the Russia-Ukraine war.
- [Winners, Losers & Asset Behavior Through Financial History](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/winners-losers/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/winners-losers.md)): Which assets held up, which collapsed, and why? Explore how 50 historical crises affected stocks, bonds, commodities, cash, and currencies through an investor-lens framework that avoids hindsight bias.
- [WorldCom's 2002 Accounting Fraud](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/worldcom-accounting-fraud/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/market-history/worldcom-accounting-fraud.md)): WorldCom capitalized $3.8 billion in operating costs as capital assets, then $9 billion, then $11 billion. What the SEC and sentencing record verified.