# Swoopr Investment: Indicators
# Scoped content manifest for LLM agents and web crawlers.
# Generated: 2026-10-18
# 705 pages in this section.
# Root index: https://www.getswoopr.com/llms.txt

## Market Indicators

- [Investment Indicators](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators.md)): Educational profiles for technical, fundamental, & macro indicators: formula, inputs, interpretation, limitations, & how each one fits into a research process.
- [Market Breadth Indicators](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth.md)): Indicators that measure market participation: how many securities are advancing, declining, or hitting new highs and lows, relative to the index level.
- [Absolute Breadth Index: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/absolute-breadth-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/absolute-breadth-index.md)): The absolute value of the difference between advancing and declining issues for a session. It measures how lopsided participation was on the day, whichever...
- [Advance/Decline Difference: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/advance-decline-difference/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/advance-decline-difference.md)): The net number of issues advancing for a period: advancing issues minus declining issues. It is the single-day building block behind the advance-decline...
- [Advance/Decline Line (A/D Line): Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/advance-decline-line/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/advance-decline-line.md)): A cumulative breadth line that adds each day's number of advancing issues minus declining issues to a running total. Its slope shows whether more stocks in...
- [Advance/Decline Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/advance-decline-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/advance-decline-ratio.md)): The number of advancing issues divided by the number of declining issues for a period. It expresses breadth as a multiple, so 2.0 means two issues rose for...
- [Advance/Decline Volume Line: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/advance-decline-volume-line/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/advance-decline-volume-line.md)): A cumulative line built by adding each session's net volume, up volume minus down volume, to a running total. It tracks whether trading volume is flowing...
- [Advance/Decline Volume Ratio: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/advance-decline-volume-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/advance-decline-volume-ratio.md)): Total volume in advancing issues divided by total volume in declining issues for a session. It weights breadth by trading activity, so it shows where the...
- [Advancing Volume Percentage: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/advancing-volume-percentage/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/advancing-volume-percentage.md)): The share of combined advancing and declining volume that traded in advancing issues. Unlike the ratio of advancing to declining volume, it is bounded...
- [Arms Index (TRIN): Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/arms-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/arms-index.md)): Created by Richard Arms, the Arms Index (TRIN, also called the Short-Term Trading Index) divides the advance/decline issue ratio by the advance/decline...
- [Breadth Diffusion Index: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/breadth-diffusion-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/breadth-diffusion-index.md)): The percentage of components in a group, such as the stocks in an index, that satisfy a positive condition, commonly a price above a moving average or a...
- [Breadth Divergence: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/breadth-divergence/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/breadth-divergence.md)): A disagreement between a price index and a breadth measure, for example the index making a new high while an advance-decline line or a pe...
- [Breadth MACD: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/breadth-macd/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/breadth-macd.md)): The moving average convergence divergence calculation applied to a breadth series, such as the advance-decline line or net advances, instead of to price. It...
- [Breadth Momentum Oscillator: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/breadth-momentum-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/breadth-momentum-oscillator.md)): A momentum reading of a breadth series, commonly defined as the change in the advance-decline line or another breadth measure over a fixed number of...
- [Breadth RSI: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/breadth-rsi/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/breadth-rsi.md)): Wilder's relative strength index calculated on a breadth series, such as the advance-decline line, instead of on price. It converts average gains and...
- [Breadth Thrust: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/breadth-thrust/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/breadth-thrust.md)): A rapid, unusually large increase in the share of stocks advancing within a short time, typically measured by a smoothed ratio of advancing issues to...
- [Bullish Percent Index: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/bullish-percent-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/bullish-percent-index.md)): The percentage of stocks in an index or universe whose point and figure charts currently show a buy signal. It is a breadth gauge built from chart-pattern...
- [Cumulative Net New Highs: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/cumulative-net-new-highs/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/cumulative-net-new-highs.md)): A running total of net new highs, the number of issues making new highs minus the number making new lows each session. It shows whether leadership from...
- [Cyclical vs Defensive Breadth: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/cyclical-vs-defensive-breadth/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/cyclical-vs-defensive-breadth.md)): A comparison of breadth, such as the percent of stocks above their 50-day average, in cyclical sectors against the same measure in defensive sectors. It...
- [Declining Volume Percentage: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/declining-volume-percentage/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/declining-volume-percentage.md)): The share of combined advancing and declining volume that traded in declining issues. It is the mirror of advancing volume percentage and measures how much...
- [Downside Volume Percentage: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/downside-volume-percentage/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/downside-volume-percentage.md)): The share of total exchange volume that traded in issues closing lower. In this profile the denominator is total volume, including unchanged issues, so the...
- [Equal-Weight vs Cap-Weight Relative Strength: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/equal-weight-vs-cap-weight-relative-strength/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/equal-weight-vs-cap-weight-relative-strength.md)): The ratio of an equal-weight index to its capitalisation-weighted counterpart, such as an equal-weight S&P 500 to the S&P 500. Used as a participation...
- [High-Low Index: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/high-low-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/high-low-index.md)): A 10-day average of the share of new highs among all new highs and new lows, sometimes called the record high percent. It shows whether new highs or new...
- [High-Low Logic Index: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/high-low-logic-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/high-low-logic-index.md)): Norman Fosback's indicator, commonly defined as a moving average of the smaller of two figures: new highs as a percent of issues traded, or new lows as a...
- [Industry Breadth: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/industry-breadth/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/industry-breadth.md)): Breadth measured across industry groups instead of individual stocks, commonly the percent of industry groups trading above a moving average or with a...
- [Market Participation Rate: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/market-participation-rate/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/market-participation-rate.md)): The fraction of issues taking part in a market move, commonly the number of advancing issues divided by total issues traded. Some sources instead measure...
- [McClellan Oscillator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/mcclellan-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/mcclellan-oscillator.md)): Developed by Sherman and Marian McClellan, the oscillator is the difference between a 19-day and a 39-day exponential moving average of daily net advances...
- [McClellan Summation Index: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/mcclellan-summation-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/mcclellan-summation-index.md)): The running total of the McClellan Oscillator, which Sherman and Marian McClellan built from the difference between a 19-day and a 39-day exponential...
- [Net New Highs: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/net-new-highs/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/net-new-highs.md)): The number of issues making new highs minus the number making new lows in one session. It is the daily building block of cumulative net new highs and other...
- [New High/New Low Line: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/new-high-new-low-line/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/new-high-new-low-line.md)): A line plotting the cumulative sum of daily new highs minus new lows, commonly drawn beneath a price index. Some vendors normalise each day by total issues...
- [New High/New Low Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/new-high-new-low-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/new-high-new-low-ratio.md)): The number of new highs divided by the number of new lows in a session. It expresses the balance of leadership as a multiple instead of a difference.
- [Percent of Stocks Above 100-Day Moving Average: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/percent-of-stocks-above-100-day-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/percent-of-stocks-above-100-day-moving-average.md)): The percentage of stocks in an index or universe whose latest close is above their own 100-day moving average. It is an intermediate-term trend breadth...
- [Percent of Stocks Above 20-Day Moving Average: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/percent-of-stocks-above-20-day-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/percent-of-stocks-above-20-day-moving-average.md)): The percentage of stocks in an index or universe whose latest close is above their own 20-day moving average. It is the shortest of the common...
- [Percent of Stocks Above 200-Day Moving Average: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/percent-of-stocks-above-200-day-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/percent-of-stocks-above-200-day-moving-average.md)): The percentage of stocks in an index or universe whose latest close is above their own 200-day moving average. It is the standard long-term trend breadth...
- [Percent of Stocks Above 50-Day Moving Average: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/percent-of-stocks-above-50-day-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/percent-of-stocks-above-50-day-moving-average.md)): The percentage of stocks in an index or universe whose latest close is above their own 50-day moving average. It is a widely used intermediate-term breadth...
- [Percent of Stocks Below 200-Day Moving Average: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/percent-of-stocks-below-200-day-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/percent-of-stocks-below-200-day-moving-average.md)): The percentage of stocks in an index or universe whose latest close is below their own 200-day moving average. It focuses on the weak side of long-term...
- [Risk-On Breadth Composite: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/risk-on-breadth-composite/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/risk-on-breadth-composite.md)): A custom composite that combines several breadth readings into one score. There is no standard definition: it is commonly an equal-weighted average of...
- [Sector Breadth: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/sector-breadth/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/sector-breadth.md)): Breadth counted across market sectors, commonly the percent of the 11 sectors whose index or ETF trades above a moving average, or has a positive return...
- [Small-Cap vs Large-Cap Breadth: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/small-cap-vs-large-cap-breadth/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/small-cap-vs-large-cap-breadth.md)): A comparison of a breadth measure, such as the percent of stocks above their 200-day average or the advance-decline line, in small-cap stocks against the...
- [Up Volume/Down Volume Ratio: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/up-volume-down-volume-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/up-volume-down-volume-ratio.md)): Total volume in rising issues divided by total volume in falling issues, usually taken over a multi-day window such as 10 sessions to cut the noise of...
- [Upside Volume Percentage: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/upside-volume-percentage/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/upside-volume-percentage.md)): The share of total exchange volume that traded in issues closing higher. In this profile the denominator is total volume, including unchanged issues, so the...
- [Zweig Breadth Thrust: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/zweig-breadth-thrust/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/breadth/zweig-breadth-thrust.md)): Martin Zweig's breadth indicator: a 10-day exponential average of the ratio of advancing issues to advancing plus declining issues on the NYSE. A thrust is...
- [Crypto Indicators](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto.md)): On-chain metrics, derivatives indicators, and crypto-specific data measures: funding rates, open interest, MVRV, SOPR, and related signals.
- [Active Addresses: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/active-addresses/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/active-addresses.md)): The number of distinct addresses that took part in at least one on-chain transaction, as sender or receiver, during a period, usually one day. It is a rough...
- [Adjusted SOPR: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/adjusted-sopr/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/adjusted-sopr.md)): Adjusted Spent Output Profit Ratio (aSOPR) is SOPR computed without outputs that were created and spent within roughly one hour. It aims to remove...
- [Adjusted Transfer Volume: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/adjusted-transfer-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/adjusted-transfer-volume.md)): On-chain transfer volume after removing amounts estimated to be change returned to the sender, and sometimes other self-transfers. It tries to approximate...
- [Altcoin Dominance: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/altcoin-dominance/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/altcoin-dominance.md)): The share of total cryptocurrency market capitalization held by coins other than Bitcoin. It is the complement of Bitcoin dominance, and some providers also...
- [Annualized Funding Rate: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/annualized-funding-rate/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/annualized-funding-rate.md)): The periodic funding rate paid between long and short holders of a perpetual futures contract, scaled to a yearly figure. It expresses what holding the...
- [Bitcoin Dominance: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/bitcoin-dominance/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/bitcoin-dominance.md)): Bitcoin's share of total cryptocurrency market capitalization, expressed as a percentage. It shows how much of the market's total value sits in Bitcoin...
- [Calendar Futures Basis: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/calendar-futures-basis/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/calendar-futures-basis.md)): The percentage gap between a dated (fixed expiry) futures price and the spot price, usually annualized by the time left to expiry. It shows the premium or...
- [Coin Days Destroyed: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/coin-days-destroyed/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/coin-days-destroyed.md)): Coin days destroyed (CDD) multiplies the amount of each spent coin by the number of days it had sat unmoved, then sums over all coins spent in a period. A...
- [Crypto Implied Volatility: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/crypto-implied-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/crypto-implied-volatility.md)): The volatility of a cryptocurrency implied by options prices: the annualized volatility input that makes an option pricing model match the observed market...
- [Crypto Volatility Risk Premium: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/crypto-volatility-risk-premium/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/crypto-volatility-risk-premium.md)): The gap between implied volatility from options prices and realized volatility of the underlying over the same horizon. A positive value means options were...
- [Difficulty Ribbon Compression: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/difficulty-ribbon-compression/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/difficulty-ribbon-compression.md)): A measure of how tightly the moving averages in the difficulty ribbon cluster. Low compression values mean the averages have converged, which marks a period...
- [Difficulty Ribbon: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/difficulty-ribbon/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/difficulty-ribbon.md)): A set of moving averages of Bitcoin's mining difficulty with different window lengths, plotted together to form a ribbon. The pattern of the ribbon reflects...
- [Dormancy: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/dormancy/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/dormancy.md)): The average number of days that coins had been unmoved at the time they were spent, in a period. It equals coin days destroyed divided by the number of...
- [Estimated Leverage Ratio: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/estimated-leverage-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/estimated-leverage-ratio.md)): Commonly defined by data providers as futures open interest divided by the coin reserves held on exchanges. It indicates how large the leveraged derivatives...
- [ETF Net Flows: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/etf-net-flows/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/etf-net-flows.md)): The net amount of money entering or leaving spot crypto exchange-traded funds in a period, equal to creations minus redemptions. It is typically reported...
- [Exchange Inflow: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/exchange-inflow/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/exchange-inflow.md)): The amount of a cryptocurrency sent from non-exchange addresses to addresses attributed to exchanges during a period. It is commonly read as a measure of...
- [Exchange Netflow: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/exchange-netflow/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/exchange-netflow.md)): Exchange inflow minus exchange outflow for a coin during a period. It equals the change in the coins held on exchange wallets, excluding transfers between...
- [Exchange Outflow: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/exchange-outflow/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/exchange-outflow.md)): The amount of a cryptocurrency withdrawn from exchange-attributed addresses to non-exchange addresses during a period. It is commonly read as coins leaving...
- [Exchange Reserve: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/exchange-reserve/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/exchange-reserve.md)): The total amount of a cryptocurrency held in wallets attributed to exchanges. It is a snapshot of the stock of coins available on trading venues at a point...
- [Exchange Whale Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/exchange-whale-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/exchange-whale-ratio.md)): Commonly defined, notably by CryptoQuant, as the share of total exchange inflow made up by the ten largest inflow transactions. It points to how much of the...
- [Fees to Revenue Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/fees-to-revenue-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/fees-to-revenue-ratio.md)): The share of total miner revenue that comes from transaction fees rather than the block subsidy. It shows how much of the security budget is funded by users...
- [Free-Float MVRV: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/free-float-mvrv/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/free-float-mvrv.md)): A variant of the market value to realized value ratio computed only on the free-float portion of supply. Providers commonly exclude coins considered...
- [Futures CVD: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/futures-cvd/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/futures-cvd.md)): Cumulative volume delta for futures markets: a running total of taker buy volume minus taker sell volume across perpetual and dated futures contracts. It...
- [Futures Open Interest (OI): Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/futures-open-interest/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/futures-open-interest.md)): The total number of futures contracts that are still open, meaning not yet closed out, settled or expired. Each open contract has one long and one short...
- [Hash Rate: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/hash-rate/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/hash-rate.md)): An estimate of the total computing power, in hashes per second, that miners direct at a proof-of-work network. For Bitcoin it is derived from the difficulty...
- [Hash Ribbons: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/hash-ribbons/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/hash-ribbons.md)): An indicator that compares the 30-day and 60-day moving averages of Bitcoin's hash rate. Their relationship is used to flag periods of miner stress and...
- [HODL Waves: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/hodl-waves/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/hodl-waves.md)): A breakdown of the circulating supply by the age of coins, meaning the time since each coin last moved on-chain. The result is stacked into bands such as...
- [Illiquid Supply: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/illiquid-supply/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/illiquid-supply.md)): Commonly defined by data providers as supply held by entities that rarely spend what they receive, based on the ratio of lifetime coins spent to coins...
- [Liquid Supply: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/liquid-supply/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/liquid-supply.md)): Commonly defined by data providers as supply held by entities that regularly spend a high share of what they receive, based on the ratio of lifetime coins...
- [Liquidation Volume: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/liquidation-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/liquidation-volume.md)): The total notional value of leveraged derivatives positions forcibly closed by exchanges during a period, counting both long and short liquidations. It...
- [Long Liquidations: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/long-liquidations/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/long-liquidations.md)): The notional value of leveraged long positions forcibly closed by exchanges because margin ran out. Long liquidations happen when price falls enough to wipe...
- [Long/Short Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/long-short-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/long-short-ratio.md)): A ratio of the number of traders (accounts) or positions that are net long to those that are net short on a derivatives exchange. Exchanges publish versions...
- [Long-Term Holder SOPR: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/long-term-holder-sopr/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/long-term-holder-sopr.md)): SOPR restricted to spent outputs that were held for at least 155 days, the age cutoff commonly used by data providers for long-term holders. It shows...
- [Long-Term Holder Supply: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/long-term-holder-supply/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/long-term-holder-supply.md)): The amount of circulating supply held by coins that have not moved for at least 155 days, a cutoff commonly used by data providers to separate long-term...
- [Market Value to Realized Value Ratio (MVRV): Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/market-value-to-realized-value-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/market-value-to-realized-value-ratio.md)): MVRV divides a coin's market capitalization by its realized capitalization. Realized capitalization values each coin at the price when it last moved...
- [Miner Position Index: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/miner-position-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/miner-position-index.md)): An indicator, popularized by CryptoQuant, that compares miners' current outflow of coins from their wallets to its 365-day average. It shows whether miners...
- [Miner Revenue: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/miner-revenue/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/miner-revenue.md)): The total income paid to miners for a period: the block subsidy of newly issued coins plus the transaction fees paid by users. It is reported in coins or in...
- [MVRV Z-Score: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/mvrv-z-score/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/mvrv-z-score.md)): The MVRV Z-Score takes the gap between market capitalization and realized capitalization and divides it by the standard deviation of market capitalization....
- [Net Unrealized Profit/Loss: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/net-unrealized-profit-loss/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/net-unrealized-profit-loss.md)): The difference between the market value of all coins and their realized value, divided by market value. It estimates the share of market cap that is...
- [Network Value to Metcalfe Ratio: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/network-value-to-metcalfe-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/network-value-to-metcalfe-ratio.md)): Compares a network's market capitalization with a value estimated from Metcalfe's law, which says network value scales with the square of the number of...
- [Network Value to Transactions Ratio](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/network-value-to-transactions-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/network-value-to-transactions-ratio.md)): The ratio of a network's market capitalization to the USD value of its on-chain transfer volume over a period, usually a single day. It is often described...
- [New Addresses: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/new-addresses/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/new-addresses.md)): The number of addresses that appear on a blockchain for the first time in a period. Counting first appearances approximates how many new wallets or accounts...
- [NVT Signal: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/nvt-signal/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/nvt-signal.md)): A smoothed version of the NVT ratio that divides market capitalization by a moving average of daily on-chain transfer volume. The 90-day average is the...
- [Open Interest to Market Cap: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/open-interest-to-market-cap/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/open-interest-to-market-cap.md)): Futures open interest expressed as a share of the coin's market capitalization. It indicates how large the derivatives market is relative to the size of the...
- [Options Open Interest: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/options-open-interest/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/options-open-interest.md)): The total number of options contracts that remain open, meaning not yet closed, exercised or expired. It can be summed across strikes and expiries, in...
- [Options Put/Call Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/options-put-call-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/options-put-call-ratio.md)): The ratio of put option volume (or open interest) to call option volume (or open interest) in a period. The volume version reflects the day's trading, while...
- [Perpetual Funding Rate: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/perpetual-funding-rate/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/perpetual-funding-rate.md)): A periodic payment between traders holding long and short positions in a perpetual futures contract, which has no expiry. It is designed to pull the...
- [Perpetual Futures Basis: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/perpetual-futures-basis/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/perpetual-futures-basis.md)): The percentage difference between a perpetual futures price and the spot or index price. Perpetual contracts have no expiry, so the funding rate is the...
- [Puell Multiple: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/puell-multiple/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/puell-multiple.md)): The ratio of the daily USD value of newly issued coins to its 365-day moving average. It compares current miner issuance income with the yearly norm.
- [Realized Cap HODL Waves: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/realized-cap-hodl-waves/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/realized-cap-hodl-waves.md)): HODL waves weighted by realized value instead of coin count. Each age band's share is measured by the realized cap of its coins, so the bands reflect the...
- [Realized Capitalization: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/realized-capitalization/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/realized-capitalization.md)): The sum of every coin valued at the price when it last moved on-chain, rather than at the current price. It is often described as an estimate of the...
- [Realized HODL Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/realized-hodl-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/realized-hodl-ratio.md)): A variation on the HODL-waves idea that compares the realized value of recently moved coins with that of long-held coins. Definitions and age bands differ...
- [Realized Price: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/realized-price/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/realized-price.md)): The realized capitalization divided by the circulating supply. It gives the average price at which the coins in circulation last moved on-chain, and is...
- [Relative Unrealized Loss: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/relative-unrealized-loss/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/relative-unrealized-loss.md)): The total unrealized loss held by coins whose cost basis is above the current price, expressed as a share of market capitalization. It sizes how much value...
- [Relative Unrealized Profit: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/relative-unrealized-profit/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/relative-unrealized-profit.md)): The total unrealized profit held by coins whose cost basis is below the current price, expressed as a share of market capitalization. It sizes how much...
- [Reserve Risk: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/reserve-risk/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/reserve-risk.md)): An indicator comparing price with a 'HODL bank', a running total reflecting the opportunity cost of holders choosing not to sell. It is commonly read as a...
- [RHODL Ratio: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/rhodl-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/rhodl-ratio.md)): The ratio of the realized value held in coins aged about one week to the realized value held in coins aged one to two years. Some versions scale the result...
- [Short Liquidations: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/short-liquidations/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/short-liquidations.md)): The notional value of leveraged short positions forcibly closed by exchanges because margin ran out. Short liquidations happen when price rises enough to...
- [Short-Term Holder SOPR: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/short-term-holder-sopr/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/short-term-holder-sopr.md)): SOPR restricted to spent outputs that were held for less than 155 days, the age cutoff commonly used by data providers for short-term holders. It shows...
- [Short-Term Holder Supply: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/short-term-holder-supply/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/short-term-holder-supply.md)): The amount of circulating supply held by coins that moved within the last 155 days, a cutoff commonly used by data providers to separate short-term from...
- [Spent Output Profit Ratio (SOPR)](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/spent-output-profit-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/spent-output-profit-ratio.md)): SOPR compares the value, in dollars, of coins spent on-chain at the time they were spent with their value when they were created as outputs. A value above 1...
- [Spot CVD: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/spot-cvd/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/spot-cvd.md)): Cumulative volume delta for spot markets: a running total of taker buy volume minus taker sell volume. It shows which side was the aggressor in spot trading...
- [Stablecoin Dominance: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/stablecoin-dominance/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/stablecoin-dominance.md)): The share of total cryptocurrency market capitalization held by stablecoins. It is often used as a view of how much of the market sits in dollar-pegged...
- [Stablecoin Exchange Netflow: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/stablecoin-exchange-netflow/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/stablecoin-exchange-netflow.md)): Stablecoin inflows to exchange wallets minus outflows, over a period. It equals the change in stablecoin balances on exchanges, excluding transfers between...
- [Stablecoin Exchange Reserve: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/stablecoin-exchange-reserve/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/stablecoin-exchange-reserve.md)): The total amount of stablecoins held in wallets attributed to exchanges. It is a snapshot of dollar-pegged capital that is on trading venues and ready to be...
- [Stablecoin Supply Ratio: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/stablecoin-supply-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/stablecoin-supply-ratio.md)): Bitcoin's market capitalization divided by the aggregate market capitalization of stablecoins. It compares the size of Bitcoin with the dollar-pegged...
- [Supply Last Active 1+ Year: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/supply-last-active-1-plus-year/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/supply-last-active-1-plus-year.md)): The share (or amount) of circulating supply that has not moved on-chain for at least one year. It indicates how much of the supply is held with a long time...
- [Supply Last Active 2+ Years: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/supply-last-active-2-plus-years/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/supply-last-active-2-plus-years.md)): The share (or amount) of circulating supply that has not moved on-chain for at least two years. It isolates the most dormant part of supply, which includes...
- [Taker Buy/Sell Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/taker-buy-sell-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/taker-buy-sell-ratio.md)): The ratio of taker buy volume to taker sell volume in a period. A taker is the side that crosses the spread with a market order, so the ratio compares how...
- [Taker Buy Volume: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/taker-buy-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/taker-buy-volume.md)): The volume of trades in which the buyer was the taker, meaning the buyer crossed the spread to hit the sell side with a market order. It captures aggressive...
- [Taker Sell Volume: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/taker-sell-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/taker-sell-volume.md)): The volume of trades in which the seller was the taker, meaning the seller crossed the spread to hit the bid with a market order. It captures aggressive...
- [Thermocap Multiple: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/thermocap-multiple/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/thermocap-multiple.md)): Market capitalization divided by thermocap. It compares the market value of the network with the cumulative amount paid to miners to secure it.
- [Thermocap: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/thermocap/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/thermocap.md)): The cumulative total of all miner issuance valued in USD at the price on the day each coin was issued. It is the total amount of money that the network has...
- [Transaction Count: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/transaction-count/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/transaction-count.md)): The number of confirmed on-chain transactions in a period, usually a day. It measures how much activity the blockchain processes, regardless of the value moved.
- [Transfer Volume: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/transfer-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/transfer-volume.md)): The total value moved by confirmed on-chain transfers during a period, in coins or USD. It is the gross figure and includes change returned to senders and...
- [Value Days Destroyed: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/value-days-destroyed/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/crypto/value-days-destroyed.md)): Coin days destroyed weighted by the USD value of the coins, so each spent coin contributes its age times its price. It extends CDD by bringing market value...
- [Cycle & Signal Processing Indicators](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing.md)): Estimate dominant cycles or separate trend/cycle components with signal-processing methods.
- [Adaptive Cyber Cycle: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/adaptive-cyber-cycle/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/adaptive-cyber-cycle.md)): The Adaptive Cyber Cycle is a version of the Cyber Cycle in which the smoothing constant changes with the measured dominant cycle period, so the filter...
- [Autocorrelation Periodogram: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/autocorrelation-periodogram/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/autocorrelation-periodogram.md)): The autocorrelation periodogram, popularized by John Ehlers, computes the autocorrelation of a filtered price series at many lags and then takes a discrete...
- [Band-Pass Filter: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/band-pass-filter/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/band-pass-filter.md)): A band-pass filter keeps cycles near a chosen center period and attenuates both longer and shorter cycles. In John Ehlers' form it is a two-pole recursive...
- [Center of Gravity Oscillator: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/center-of-gravity-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/center-of-gravity-oscillator.md)): The Center of Gravity oscillator is a John Ehlers indicator that treats the last N prices as weights on a balance beam and finds the balance point. The...
- [Cyber Cycle: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/cyber-cycle/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/cyber-cycle.md)): The Cyber Cycle is an oscillator from John Ehlers that isolates the cyclic component of price using a smoothing step followed by a two-pole high-pass-style...
- [Cycle Strength: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/cycle-strength/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/cycle-strength.md)): Cycle strength gauges how dominant the leading cycle is relative to everything else in the series. Definitions vary, but a common one is the spectral power...
- [Decycler: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/decycler/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/decycler.md)): The Decycler is a John Ehlers trend indicator made by subtracting a high-pass filtered copy of price from price itself. What remains is the part of price...
- [Dominant Cycle Period: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/dominant-cycle-period/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/dominant-cycle-period.md)): Dominant cycle period is the length in bars of the strongest recurring cycle in a price series, found for example from a spectral estimate such as a...
- [Dominant Cycle Phase: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/dominant-cycle-phase/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/dominant-cycle-phase.md)): Dominant cycle phase is the position, as an angle from 0 to 360 degrees, of the market within its strongest measured cycle. It is commonly computed by...
- [Ehlers Fisher Transform: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/ehlers-fisher-transform/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/ehlers-fisher-transform.md)): The Ehlers Fisher Transform converts a price series that has been normalized to the range -1 to +1 into one with a nearly Gaussian distribution using the...
- [Ehlers Instantaneous Trendline: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/ehlers-instantaneous-trendline/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/ehlers-instantaneous-trendline.md)): The Ehlers Instantaneous Trendline is a low-lag trend filter from John Ehlers' early work. It is a recursive filter with a single smoothing constant alpha...
- [Ehlers Super Smoother: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/ehlers-super-smoother/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/ehlers-super-smoother.md)): The Ehlers Super Smoother is a two-pole recursive low-pass filter, designed by John Ehlers to approximate a Butterworth response. It removes components...
- [Even Better Sinewave: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/even-better-sinewave/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/even-better-sinewave.md)): The Even Better Sinewave is a John Ehlers indicator that high-pass filters price, smooths it with a Super Smoother, and divides a 3-bar average of the...
- [High-Pass Filter: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/high-pass-filter/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/high-pass-filter.md)): A high-pass filter removes slow components such as trend and passes short-period fluctuations. In John Ehlers' trading filters it is usually a two-pole...
- [Hilbert Transform Dominant Cycle Period](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/hilbert-transform-dominant-cycle-period/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/hilbert-transform-dominant-cycle-period.md)): Hilbert Transform dominant cycle period is the estimated length, in bars, of the strongest cycle in price, taken from the rate of phase change that the...
- [Hilbert Transform Dominant Cycle Phase](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/hilbert-transform-dominant-cycle-phase/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/hilbert-transform-dominant-cycle-phase.md)): Hilbert Transform dominant cycle phase is the angle, in degrees, of where the market currently sits within its dominant cycle, as derived from a Hilbert...
- [Hilbert Transform Instantaneous Trendline: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/hilbert-transform-instantaneous-trendline/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/hilbert-transform-instantaneous-trendline.md)): The Hilbert Transform Instantaneous Trendline is a trend estimate built by averaging price over a window equal to the measured dominant cycle period, then...
- [Hilbert Transform Phasor Components](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/hilbert-transform-phasor-components/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/hilbert-transform-phasor-components.md)): The Hilbert Transform phasor components are the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) parts of the price cycle. The quadrature part is the Hilbert transform of...
- [Hilbert Transform SineWave: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/hilbert-transform-sinewave/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/hilbert-transform-sinewave.md)): The Hilbert Transform Sinewave outputs two lines, a sine and a lead sine, computed from the dominant cycle phase that a Hilbert transform measures. It is...
- [Hilbert Transform Trend vs Cycle Mode](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/hilbert-transform-trend-vs-cycle-mode/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/hilbert-transform-trend-vs-cycle-mode.md)): The Hilbert Transform trend-versus-cycle mode is a binary classifier. It labels each bar as either trend mode or cycle mode, using the dominant cycle...
- [Mesa Stochastic: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/mesa-stochastic/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/mesa-stochastic.md)): MESA Stochastic is a John Ehlers refinement that applies the stochastic formula to roofing-filtered data instead of raw price, then smooths it with a Super...
- [Phase Accumulation: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/phase-accumulation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/phase-accumulation.md)): Phase accumulation is a method for measuring the dominant cycle period. The phase angle of the cycle is computed each bar from in-phase and quadrature...
- [Reflex Indicator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/reflex-indicator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/reflex-indicator.md)): Reflex is a John Ehlers oscillator that measures how far the smoothed price departs from a straight line drawn between its current and N-bar-ago values. It...
- [Roofing Filter: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/roofing-filter/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/roofing-filter.md)): The Roofing Filter is a John Ehlers band-pass construction that chains a high-pass filter and a Super Smoother. The high-pass step removes the trend and...
- [Sine Wave Indicator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/sine-wave-indicator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/sine-wave-indicator.md)): The Sine Wave indicator plots the sine of the current dominant cycle phase together with a lead line shifted forward by 45 degrees. It is a John Ehlers...
- [Smoothing Filter Response: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/smoothing-filter-response/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/smoothing-filter-response.md)): Smoothing filter response is the gain a smoothing filter applies to a cycle of a given period. It shows how strongly each cycle length is passed or...
- [Trendflex Indicator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/trendflex-indicator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/cycle-and-signal-processing/trendflex-indicator.md)): Trendflex is a John Ehlers oscillator that keeps the trend component of price. It smooths price with a Super Smoother filter, then averages the differences...
- [Fixed Income and Credit Indicators](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit.md)): Yield spreads, inflation expectations, and credit market indicators including treasury spreads, breakeven inflation rates, & high-yield option-adjusted spreads.
- [10-Year Breakeven Inflation: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/10-year-breakeven-inflation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/10-year-breakeven-inflation.md)): The yield on the 10-year nominal Treasury minus the yield on the 10-year Treasury Inflation-Protected Security (TIPS). It is the average annual inflation...
- [10-Year Real Yield: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/10-year-real-yield/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/10-year-real-yield.md)): The yield on a 10-year Treasury after removing expected inflation. It is observed directly as the 10-year Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS)...
- [2s10s Treasury Spread (2s10s): Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/2s10s-treasury-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/2s10s-treasury-spread.md)): The yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury minus the yield on the 2-year U.S. Treasury, usually quoted in percentage points or basis points. It measures the...
- [2s30s Treasury Spread: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/2s30s-treasury-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/2s30s-treasury-spread.md)): The yield on the 30-year Treasury minus the yield on the 2-year Treasury, expressed in basis points. It measures the slope of the Treasury curve between the...
- [3m10y Treasury Spread: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/3m10y-treasury-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/3m10y-treasury-spread.md)): The yield on the 10-year Treasury minus the yield on the 3-month Treasury bill. It compares a market-set long rate with a short rate that is closely tied to...
- [5-Year 5-Year Forward Inflation Expectation: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/5-year-5-year-forward-inflation-expectation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/5-year-5-year-forward-inflation-expectation.md)): The market-implied average annual inflation rate expected over the five-year period that begins five years from today. It is derived from 5-year and 10-year...
- [5-Year Breakeven Inflation: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/5-year-breakeven-inflation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/5-year-breakeven-inflation.md)): The yield gap between a 5-year nominal Treasury and a 5-year Treasury Inflation-Protected Security. It is the average annual inflation rate at which the two...
- [5-Year Real Yield: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/5-year-real-yield/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/5-year-real-yield.md)): The inflation-adjusted yield on a 5-year Treasury, observed as the 5-year TIPS yield. It is the return above realized CPI inflation that a buyer locks in by...
- [5s30s Treasury Spread: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/5s30s-treasury-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/5s30s-treasury-spread.md)): The 30-year Treasury yield minus the 5-year Treasury yield, in basis points. It tracks the slope between the intermediate and the long end of the curve...
- [CDS Index Spread: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/cds-index-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/cds-index-spread.md)): The annual premium, in basis points, for buying protection on an entire standardized credit default swap index such as CDX or iTraxx. It reflects the...
- [CDS Spread: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/cds-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/cds-spread.md)): The annual premium, in basis points of notional, that a protection buyer pays on a single-name credit default swap. It is the market price of insuring...
- [Convexity: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/convexity/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/convexity.md)): The curvature of a bond's price-yield relationship: the second derivative of price with respect to yield, divided by price. It corrects the duration...
- [Credit Spread: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/credit-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/credit-spread.md)): The additional yield a corporate or other credit-risky bond pays over a benchmark government bond of similar maturity. It compensates investors for default...
- [Current Yield: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/current-yield/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/current-yield.md)): A bond's annual coupon income divided by its current market price. It ignores any gain or loss at maturity and the time value of money, so it measures only...
- [Default Probability: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/default-probability/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/default-probability.md)): The estimated probability that an issuer defaults within a given horizon. Market-implied versions are backed out of credit spreads or CDS quotes, while...
- [Distance to Default: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/distance-to-default/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/distance-to-default.md)): A structural credit measure from the Merton model: how many standard deviations a firm's asset value sits above its debt obligation at the horizon. Larger...
- [Duration: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/duration/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/duration.md)): A measure of a bond's price sensitivity to changes in yield, stated in years. In practice it usually means modified or effective duration: the approximate...
- [Effective Convexity: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/effective-convexity/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/effective-convexity.md)): The curvature of a bond's price response to yield changes measured by repricing the bond under small upward and downward shifts in the benchmark curve. It...
- [Effective Duration: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/effective-duration/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/effective-duration.md)): A duration estimate obtained by repricing a bond under small parallel downward and upward shifts of the benchmark curve. Unlike modified duration, it allows...
- [Forward Rate: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/forward-rate/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/forward-rate.md)): The interest rate for a future period implied by today's spot rates. It is the rate that makes investing for a long period equal to investing short and then...
- [G-Spread: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/g-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/g-spread.md)): A bond's yield minus the yield of a government bond of the same maturity, with the government yield interpolated if no exact match exists. It is the...
- [High-Yield OAS (HY OAS): Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/high-yield-oas/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/high-yield-oas.md)): High-Yield OAS is the option-adjusted spread of a below-investment-grade corporate bond index, such as the ICE BofA US High Yield Index, over the Treasury...
- [I-Spread: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/i-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/i-spread.md)): A bond's yield minus the interpolated swap rate of the same maturity. It measures the bond's extra yield over the interest rate swap curve instead of the...
- [Investment-Grade OAS: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/investment-grade-oas/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/investment-grade-oas.md)): The option-adjusted spread of an investment-grade corporate bond index over the benchmark curve, with the value of embedded options removed. Published...
- [LIBOR-OIS Spread: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/libor-ois-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/libor-ois-spread.md)): The difference between 3-month LIBOR and the matching-term overnight index swap (OIS) rate. It was a gauge of bank funding stress, because LIBOR embedded...
- [Macaulay Duration: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/macaulay-duration/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/macaulay-duration.md)): The present-value-weighted average time, in years, until a bond's cash flows are received. It is the point in time at which the bond's cash flows are...
- [Modified Duration: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/modified-duration/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/modified-duration.md)): Macaulay duration adjusted for the bond's yield and compounding frequency, giving the approximate percentage price change for a 1 percentage point change in...
- [Mortgage OAS: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/mortgage-oas/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/mortgage-oas.md)): The option-adjusted spread on mortgage-backed securities or a mortgage index: the spread over the benchmark curve after removing the value of homeowners'...
- [Municipal/Treasury Ratio: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/municipal-treasury-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/municipal-treasury-ratio.md)): The yield on a tax-exempt municipal bond divided by the yield on a Treasury of the same maturity, usually shown as a percentage. It compares the value of...
- [Nominal Yield: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/nominal-yield/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/nominal-yield.md)): A bond's stated annual coupon rate: the yearly interest payment as a percentage of face (par) value. It is fixed at issue and does not change with the...
- [Option-Adjusted Spread: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/option-adjusted-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/option-adjusted-spread.md)): The constant spread added to the benchmark curve (across simulated interest-rate paths) that makes a bond's model price equal its market price, after...
- [Par Yield: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/par-yield/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/par-yield.md)): The coupon rate at which a bond of a given maturity would price exactly at par, derived from the spot (zero-coupon) curve. Par yield curves are a standard...
- [Real Yield: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/real-yield/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/real-yield.md)): A bond yield adjusted for inflation: the return above inflation an investor expects to earn. It is observed on inflation-linked bonds like TIPS or computed...
- [Recovery Rate Implied Spread: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/recovery-rate-implied-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/recovery-rate-implied-spread.md)): The credit spread implied by an assumed default probability and recovery rate: the compensation per year needed to cover expected credit loss. It links the...
- [SOFR-OIS Spread: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/sofr-ois-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/sofr-ois-spread.md)): The difference between a SOFR-based rate and an overnight index swap rate of matching term. The exact pairing varies by source, but it is commonly used as a...
- [Spread Duration: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/spread-duration/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/spread-duration.md)): The approximate percentage change in a bond's price for a 1 percentage point change in its credit spread, holding the benchmark curve unchanged. It isolates...
- [Swap Spread: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/swap-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/swap-spread.md)): The difference between the fixed rate on an interest rate swap and the yield on a Treasury of the same maturity. It reflects the relative pricing of swap...
- [Tax-Equivalent Yield: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/tax-equivalent-yield/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/tax-equivalent-yield.md)): The pre-tax yield a taxable bond must offer to match the after-tax yield of a tax-exempt bond. It converts a municipal yield into a taxable-equivalent...
- [TED Spread: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/ted-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/ted-spread.md)): The difference between the 3-month USD LIBOR rate and the 3-month Treasury bill rate. It was used as a gauge of perceived credit risk in the banking system....
- [Term Premium: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/term-premium/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/term-premium.md)): The extra yield investors require to hold a long-term bond instead of rolling over short-term bonds, over and above the expected average of future short...
- [Treasury Term Spread: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/treasury-term-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/treasury-term-spread.md)): The difference between a longer-maturity and a shorter-maturity Treasury yield, commonly the 10-year minus the 2-year. It summarizes the slope of the...
- [Yield Curve Slope: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/yield-curve-slope/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/yield-curve-slope.md)): The steepness of the yield curve across maturities, commonly measured as the yield difference between a long and a short maturity divided by the maturity...
- [Yield to Call: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/yield-to-call/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/yield-to-call.md)): The annualized yield on a callable bond assuming it is redeemed by the issuer at the call price on the first call date. It is the discount rate that equates...
- [Yield to Maturity: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/yield-to-maturity/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/yield-to-maturity.md)): The single annualized discount rate that makes the present value of a bond's remaining cash flows equal to its price, assuming it is held to maturity and...
- [Yield to Worst: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/yield-to-worst/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/yield-to-worst.md)): The lowest yield an investor can receive on a bond without the issuer defaulting, taken across yield to maturity and the yield to each possible call or put...
- [Z-Spread: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/z-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/fixed-income-and-credit/z-spread.md)): The constant spread that, when added to each point of the benchmark spot (zero) curve, makes the present value of a bond's cash flows equal its market...
- [Macro & Cross-Asset Indicators](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset.md)): Macro and cross-asset indicators: what they have in common, how to choose one, an at-a-glance table of the guides and the limits these indicators share.
- [Breakeven Inflation: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/breakeven-inflation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/breakeven-inflation.md)): The yield gap between a nominal Treasury and an inflation-protected Treasury (TIPS) of the same maturity. It is the average annual inflation rate at which...
- [Chicago Fed National Financial Conditions Index: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/chicago-fed-national-financial-conditions-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/chicago-fed-national-financial-conditions-index.md)): A weekly index from the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago that summarizes U.S. financial conditions using a large set of indicators covering risk, credit and...
- [Commercial Paper Spread: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/commercial-paper-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/commercial-paper-spread.md)): The yield on short-term commercial paper minus the yield on a Treasury bill of the same term, commonly 3 months. It measures the extra rate companies pay...
- [Commodity/Equity Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/commodity-equity-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/commodity-equity-ratio.md)): The level of a broad commodity index divided by the level of an equity index. It compares the relative performance of raw materials and stocks and is used...
- [Copper/Gold Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/copper-gold-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/copper-gold-ratio.md)): The price of copper divided by the price of gold. Copper is tied to industrial demand and gold to safe-haven demand, so the ratio is used as a rough gauge...
- [Corporate Profit Margin Cycle: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/corporate-profit-margin-cycle/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/corporate-profit-margin-cycle.md)): The rise and fall of aggregate corporate profit margins over the business cycle. A margin is profits as a share of sales, and the cycle position compares...
- [Cross-Asset Volatility Composite](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/cross-asset-volatility-composite/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/cross-asset-volatility-composite.md)): A combined measure of implied volatility across asset classes, formed by standardizing indexes such as equity (VIX), rates (MOVE) and currency volatility...
- [Dollar/Commodity Correlation: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/dollar-commodity-correlation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/dollar-commodity-correlation.md)): The rolling correlation between returns on the U.S. dollar and returns on a commodity index. The dollar and dollar-priced commodities often move in opposite...
- [Earnings Revision Breadth: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/earnings-revision-breadth/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/earnings-revision-breadth.md)): The balance of analysts raising versus lowering their earnings estimates, as a share of all estimates. It measures the direction of earnings expectations...
- [Economic Surprise Index: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/economic-surprise-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/economic-surprise-index.md)): A measure of how much economic data releases come in above or below consensus forecasts. The Citi Economic Surprise Index is the best-known version...
- [Equity/Bond Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/equity-bond-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/equity-bond-ratio.md)): The level of an equity index divided by the level of a bond index, usually on a total-return basis. It tracks the relative performance of stocks versus...
- [Financial Conditions Index: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/financial-conditions-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/financial-conditions-index.md)): A composite measure of how easy or tight it is to borrow and invest, built from interest rates, credit spreads, equity prices, exchange rates and...
- [Global Dollar Liquidity: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/global-dollar-liquidity/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/global-dollar-liquidity.md)): A broad idea of how plentiful U.S. dollar funding is for borrowers worldwide. There is no single standard series; common proxies include the Bank for...
- [Global Liquidity Proxy: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/global-liquidity-proxy/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/global-liquidity-proxy.md)): A rough measure of the monetary support available to global markets, commonly the combined balance sheets of major central banks converted to a common...
- [Gold/Silver Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/gold-silver-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/gold-silver-ratio.md)): The price of gold divided by the price of silver, showing how many ounces of silver are needed to buy one ounce of gold. It compares the monetary and...
- [Goldman Sachs Financial Conditions Index](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/goldman-sachs-financial-conditions-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/goldman-sachs-financial-conditions-index.md)): A proprietary financial conditions index from Goldman Sachs that combines interest rates, the exchange rate, credit spreads and equity valuations, with...
- [High-Yield Spread: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/high-yield-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/high-yield-spread.md)): The extra yield that below-investment-grade corporate bonds pay over comparable Treasuries. It is commonly tracked as the option-adjusted spread of a...
- [Inflation Swap Rate: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/inflation-swap-rate/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/inflation-swap-rate.md)): The fixed rate on a zero-coupon inflation swap that makes the contract worth zero at inception. It is the market's fixed rate for exchanging against...
- [Investment-Grade Spread: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/investment-grade-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/investment-grade-spread.md)): The extra yield that investment-grade corporate bonds pay over Treasuries. A classic version is Moody's Baa corporate bond yield minus the 10-year Treasury...
- [ISM New Orders Minus Inventories](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/ism-new-orders-minus-inventories/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/ism-new-orders-minus-inventories.md)): The ISM Manufacturing New Orders index minus the ISM Manufacturing Inventories index. It compares incoming demand with stock on hand and is used as a...
- [Net Liquidity Proxy: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/net-liquidity-proxy/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/net-liquidity-proxy.md)): A common market shorthand for the reserves available to the financial system, calculated as the Federal Reserve's balance sheet minus the Treasury General...
- [Oil/Gold Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/oil-gold-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/oil-gold-ratio.md)): The price of crude oil divided by the price of gold. It compares an energy price tied to growth and supply with gold's safe-haven role; the inverse (gold...
- [Payroll Diffusion Index: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/payroll-diffusion-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/payroll-diffusion-index.md)): A measure of how widespread job growth is across industries: the share of industries adding jobs, counting unchanged industries as half. The U.S. Bureau of...
- [Real Rate Sensitivity: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/real-rate-sensitivity/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/real-rate-sensitivity.md)): How strongly an asset's returns respond to changes in real (inflation-adjusted) interest rates, usually measured as the regression beta of asset returns on...
- [Stock/Bond Correlation: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/stock-bond-correlation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/stock-bond-correlation.md)): The rolling correlation between stock returns and bond returns. It determines whether bonds have tended to hedge equity risk (negative correlation) or have...
- [Trade-Weighted U.S. Dollar Index](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/trade-weighted-u-s-dollar-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/trade-weighted-u-s-dollar-index.md)): An index of the U.S. dollar's value against a basket of foreign currencies weighted by trade with the United States. The Federal Reserve's broad dollar...
- [Yield Curve Inversion Depth: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/yield-curve-inversion-depth/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/yield-curve-inversion-depth.md)): How negative a yield curve spread becomes during an inversion: the largest shortfall of the long yield below the short yield during the episode, typically...
- [Yield Curve Inversion Duration: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/yield-curve-inversion-duration/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/macro-and-cross-asset/yield-curve-inversion-duration.md)): How long a yield curve spread stays negative: the length of time between the point at which the spread first falls below zero and the point at which it...
- [Market Microstructure Indicators](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure.md)): Order flow and liquidity indicators including bid-ask spreads, order book imbalance, and related execution-quality measures.
- [Aggressor Buy Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/aggressor-buy-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/aggressor-buy-ratio.md)): The aggressor buy ratio is the share of classified trading volume (or trade count) in which the buyer was the aggressor, meaning the trade lifted the offer....
- [Aggressor Sell Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/aggressor-sell-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/aggressor-sell-ratio.md)): The aggressor sell ratio is the share of classified trading volume (or trade count) in which the seller was the aggressor, meaning the trade hit the bid. It...
- [Amihud Illiquidity Ratio: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/amihud-illiquidity-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/amihud-illiquidity-ratio.md)): Amihud's illiquidity ratio is the average, across days, of the absolute daily return divided by the dollar volume traded that day. It estimates how much the...
- [Arrival Price Slippage: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/arrival-price-slippage/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/arrival-price-slippage.md)): Arrival price slippage is the difference between the average execution price of an order and the market price when the order arrived at the desk or...
- [Ask Volume: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/ask-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/ask-volume.md)): Ask volume is commonly defined as the volume traded at the ask price, that is, market buy orders lifting resting offers, recorded at each price level in...
- [Average Trade Size: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/average-trade-size/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/average-trade-size.md)): Average trade size is total traded volume divided by the number of trades in a period. It shows how big a typical print is and is a rough indicator of...
- [Bid Volume: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/bid-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/bid-volume.md)): Bid volume is commonly defined as the volume traded at the bid price, that is, market sell orders hitting resting bids, recorded at each price level in...
- [Block Trade Share: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/block-trade-share/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/block-trade-share.md)): Block trade share is the fraction of total volume that traded in blocks, meaning single prints at or above a size threshold. It measures how much of the...
- [Cancel-to-Trade Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/cancel-to-trade-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/cancel-to-trade-ratio.md)): The cancel-to-trade ratio is the number of order cancellations divided by the number of executed trades over a period. It shows how many resting orders are...
- [Corwin-Schultz Spread Estimator: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/corwin-schultz-spread-estimator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/corwin-schultz-spread-estimator.md)): The Corwin-Schultz estimator infers the bid-ask spread from daily high and low prices. It uses the idea that the high-low range grows with time and...
- [Depth Imbalance: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/depth-imbalance/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/depth-imbalance.md)): Depth imbalance compares the size resting on the bid side of the order book with the size on the ask side, over the best N levels. It is scaled to lie...
- [Depth Recovery Time: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/depth-recovery-time/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/depth-recovery-time.md)): Depth recovery time is the time it takes for displayed order-book depth to return to its pre-shock level, or a stated fraction of it, after a large trade or...
- [Dollar Turnover: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/dollar-turnover/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/dollar-turnover.md)): Dollar turnover is the total value traded in a period: the sum of price times size over all trades. It is the exchange-statistics sense of turnover...
- [Effective Bid-Ask Spread: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/effective-bid-ask-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/effective-bid-ask-spread.md)): The effective spread measures the actual cost of a trade as twice the distance between the execution price and the midpoint at the time of the trade. Unlike...
- [Execution Quality Score: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/execution-quality-score/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/execution-quality-score.md)): An execution quality score is a composite rating of how well orders were executed. There is no single standard formula: firms commonly combine measures such...
- [Fill Rate: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/fill-rate/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/fill-rate.md)): Fill rate is the quantity actually filled divided by the quantity ordered. It measures how much of the intended size an order or strategy managed to execute.
- [Fill Ratio: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/fill-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/fill-ratio.md)): Fill ratio is the number of orders that were filled divided by the number of orders submitted. Unlike fill rate, it counts orders rather than quantity.
- [Half-Spread: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/half-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/half-spread.md)): The half-spread is half the quoted bid-ask spread: the distance from the midpoint to either the bid or the ask. It approximates the cost of one market-order...
- [Implementation Shortfall: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/implementation-shortfall/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/implementation-shortfall.md)): Implementation shortfall (Perold) measures the total cost of turning an investment decision into a trade: the gap between the paper outcome at the decision...
- [Kyle Lambda: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/kyle-lambda/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/kyle-lambda.md)): Kyle's lambda is the slope of the relationship between signed order flow and price change: how much the price moves per unit of net buying. It is the price...
- [Liquidity Score: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/liquidity-score/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/liquidity-score.md)): A liquidity score is a composite rating of how easy it is to trade an instrument. There is no single standard formula: scores commonly blend spread, depth...
- [Market Depth Slope: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/market-depth-slope/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/market-depth-slope.md)): Market depth slope describes how quickly cumulative order-book size builds as you move away from the midpoint. A steeper slope means more size is available...
- [Market Quality Index: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/market-quality-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/market-quality-index.md)): A market quality index is a composite of several liquidity and efficiency measures, such as spread, depth, volatility and price efficiency, used to...
- [Microprice: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/microprice/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/microprice.md)): The microprice is a size-adjusted fair-value estimate between the best bid and ask. In its common simple form it leans toward the ask when the bid side has...
- [Odd-Lot Share: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/odd-lot-share/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/odd-lot-share.md)): Odd lot share is the fraction of trades, or of volume, in odd lots, meaning orders smaller than the round lot. In US equities the round lot has historically...
- [Order Book Depth: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/order-book-depth/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/order-book-depth.md)): Order book depth is the total size resting in the order book within a chosen number of price levels or price distance from the best quotes. It measures how...
- [Order Book Imbalance (OBI): Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/order-book-imbalance/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/order-book-imbalance.md)): Order Book Imbalance compares the displayed quantity waiting to buy with the displayed quantity waiting to sell, usually at the best quotes or across...
- [Order Book Pressure: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/order-book-pressure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/order-book-pressure.md)): Order book pressure compares distance-weighted resting size on the bid side with that on the ask side across several levels, so orders near the best price...
- [Order Flow Imbalance: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/order-flow-imbalance/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/order-flow-imbalance.md)): Order flow imbalance (Cont, Kukanov and Stoikov) sums the net change in best-bid and best-ask sizes caused by order additions, cancellations and trades. It...
- [Order-to-Trade Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/order-to-trade-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/order-to-trade-ratio.md)): The order-to-trade ratio is the number of orders submitted (often counting new orders, modifications and cancellations) divided by the number of executed...
- [Permanent Price Impact: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/permanent-price-impact/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/permanent-price-impact.md)): Permanent price impact is the part of a trade's price effect that persists after short-lived liquidity effects fade, measured as the signed change in the...
- [Price Impact: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/price-impact/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/price-impact.md)): Price impact is how much the market price moves as a result of a trade or order, measured as the signed change in the midpoint from before execution to a...
- [Quote Stuffing Rate: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/quote-stuffing-rate/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/quote-stuffing-rate.md)): Quote stuffing rate is a heuristic count of bursts of very rapid quote placements and cancellations that are far above normal levels and are not accompanied...
- [Quote-to-Trade Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/quote-to-trade-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/quote-to-trade-ratio.md)): The quote-to-trade ratio is the number of quote updates divided by the number of executed trades over a period. It shows how much quoting activity takes...
- [Quoted Bid-Ask Spread: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/quoted-bid-ask-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/quoted-bid-ask-spread.md)): The quoted bid-ask spread is the gap between the lowest price at which anyone displays an offer to sell (the ask) and the highest price at which anyone...
- [Realized Spread: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/realized-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/realized-spread.md)): The realized spread measures what a liquidity provider earns on a trade after the market has moved: twice the signed gap between the trade price and the...
- [Relative Spread: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/relative-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/relative-spread.md)): The relative spread is the quoted bid-ask spread divided by the midpoint price. Expressing the spread as a fraction of price makes it comparable across...
- [Resiliency: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/resiliency/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/resiliency.md)): Resiliency is how fast spreads, depth or prices recover after a liquidity shock such as a large trade. It is one of the standard dimensions of liquidity...
- [Roll Spread Estimator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/roll-spread-estimator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/roll-spread-estimator.md)): Roll's estimator infers the effective bid-ask spread from the serial covariance of price changes. Bid-ask bounce makes successive price changes negatively...
- [Signed Trade Volume: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/signed-trade-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/signed-trade-volume.md)): Signed trade volume gives each trade's size a plus sign if it was buyer-initiated and a minus sign if seller-initiated, then sums over a window. It is a...
- [Slippage: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/slippage/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/slippage.md)): Slippage is the difference between the price at which an order was expected to execute, such as the last quote when it was sent, and the price it actually...
- [Temporary Price Impact: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/temporary-price-impact/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/temporary-price-impact.md)): Temporary price impact is the part of a trade's cost that reverts after execution: the concession needed to attract liquidity, which fades as the book...
- [Tick Imbalance: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/tick-imbalance/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/tick-imbalance.md)): Tick imbalance is the net count of signed ticks: the number of upticks minus downticks over a window or sequence of trades, regardless of trade size. In...
- [Top-of-Book Depth: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/top-of-book-depth/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/top-of-book-depth.md)): Top-of-book depth is the size available at the best bid and best ask only, the first level of the order book. It shows how much can trade at the current...
- [Trade Imbalance: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/trade-imbalance/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/trade-imbalance.md)): Trade imbalance compares the number of buyer-initiated trades with the number of seller-initiated trades, scaled by their total. It is a count-based measure...
- [Trade Size Distribution: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/trade-size-distribution/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/trade-size-distribution.md)): The trade size distribution shows how trades (or volume) are spread across size buckets, such as under 100 shares, 100 to 499 and so on. It describes the...
- [Trade Through Rate: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/trade-through-rate/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/trade-through-rate.md)): The trade-through rate is the share of trades that executed at a price worse than the best protected quote available on another venue. In the US, Rule 611...
- [Turnover: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/turnover/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/turnover.md)): Turnover is the value or volume traded in a period relative to the size of what is traded, commonly the market capitalization of a stock or an entire...
- [TWAP Slippage: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/twap-slippage/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/twap-slippage.md)): TWAP slippage compares the average execution price of an order with the time-weighted average price of the market over the order's execution window, signed...
- [Volume Imbalance: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/volume-imbalance/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/volume-imbalance.md)): Volume imbalance compares buyer-initiated volume with seller-initiated volume, scaled by total classified volume. It is a size-weighted measure from -1 to +1.
- [VPIN: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/vpin/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/vpin.md)): VPIN (Volume-Synchronized Probability of Informed Trading) estimates order-flow toxicity from the imbalance between buy and sell volume across equal-volume...
- [VWAP Slippage: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/vwap-slippage/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/vwap-slippage.md)): VWAP slippage compares the average execution price of an order with the volume-weighted average price of the market over the order's interval, signed so...
- [Weighted Midprice: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/weighted-midprice/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/market-microstructure/weighted-midprice.md)): A weighted midprice is a size-weighted average of order-book prices rather than a plain midpoint. It is commonly defined as the sum of price times size over...
- [Momentum Indicators](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum.md)): Oscillators and momentum measures that describe the rate and direction of price change, including the Commodity Channel Index and related tools.
- [12-1 Momentum: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/12-1-momentum/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/12-1-momentum.md)): The return over the past twelve months excluding the most recent month. Skipping the latest month is meant to avoid the short-term reversal that often...
- [3-Month Momentum: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/3-month-momentum/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/3-month-momentum.md)): The percentage price change over roughly the past three months, about 63 trading days. It is a short-to-medium lookback momentum measure that responds...
- [52-Week High Momentum: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/52-week-high-momentum/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/52-week-high-momentum.md)): A momentum measure based on how close the current price is to its highest price of the past 52 weeks. Assets trading near their 52-week high score high...
- [6-Month Momentum: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/6-month-momentum/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/6-month-momentum.md)): The percentage price change over roughly the past six months, about 126 trading days. It sits between 3-month and 12-month measures: smoother than the...
- [Accelerator Oscillator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/accelerator-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/accelerator-oscillator.md)): A Bill Williams indicator that measures the acceleration of market driving force. It is the Awesome Oscillator minus a 5-period simple moving average of...
- [Awesome Oscillator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/awesome-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/awesome-oscillator.md)): A Bill Williams momentum indicator equal to the difference between a 5-period and a 34-period simple moving average of the median price, (high + low) / 2....
- [Balance of Power: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/balance-of-power/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/balance-of-power.md)): Compares the close-to-open move with the full high-to-low range of a bar to gauge whether buyers or sellers controlled the bar. Values run from -1 to +1 and...
- [Chande Momentum Oscillator: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/chande-momentum-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/chande-momentum-oscillator.md)): Developed by Tushar Chande, the CMO divides the net of up-day and down-day price changes by their total over a lookback window. Unlike RSI it uses the raw...
- [Commodity Channel Index (CCI): Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/commodity-channel-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/commodity-channel-index.md)): The Commodity Channel Index, created by Donald Lambert, measures how far the typical price (the average of high, low and close) sits from its simple moving...
- [Connors RSI: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/connors-rsi/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/connors-rsi.md)): A composite oscillator by Larry Connors that averages three components: a short RSI of price, a short RSI of the up/down streak length, and the percentile...
- [Coppock Curve: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/coppock-curve/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/coppock-curve.md)): A long-term momentum indicator by Edwin Coppock, originally designed for monthly stock index data. It is a weighted moving average of the sum of two rates...
- [Cross-Sectional Momentum: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/cross-sectional-momentum/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/cross-sectional-momentum.md)): Momentum measured relative to peers: assets in a universe are ranked by trailing return, and the strongest are compared with the weakest at the same point...
- [Dual Momentum: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/dual-momentum/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/dual-momentum.md)): Gary Antonacci's approach that combines relative momentum, choosing the stronger of two or more assets, with absolute momentum, holding the chosen asset...
- [Elder Ray Index: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/elder-ray-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/elder-ray-index.md)): Alexander Elder's Elder-Ray splits buying and selling pressure relative to a trend proxy, a 13-period exponential moving average of close. Bull Power...
- [Fast Stochastic Oscillator: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/fast-stochastic-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/fast-stochastic-oscillator.md)): Compares the latest close with the high-low range of the last n bars, showing where price sits within that range on a 0 to 100 scale. The fast version uses...
- [Fisher Transform: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/fisher-transform/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/fisher-transform.md)): John Ehlers' transform converts prices, normalized to a range between -1 and +1, into a variable with an approximately Gaussian shape using the inverse...
- [Intraday Momentum Index: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/intraday-momentum-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/intraday-momentum-index.md)): Tushar Chande's IMI applies the RSI idea to the candle body (close minus open) instead of close-to-close change. It sums up-bar and down-bar bodies over a...
- [Kaufman Efficiency Ratio: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/kaufman-efficiency-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/kaufman-efficiency-ratio.md)): Perry Kaufman's efficiency ratio measures how directly price moved over a window by dividing the net price change by the total path length of all bar-to-bar...
- [KDJ Stochastic: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/kdj-stochastic/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/kdj-stochastic.md)): A stochastic variant popular in Asian markets that adds a third line J to the standard K and D. K and D are smoothed versions of the raw stochastic value...
- [Klinger Oscillator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/klinger-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/klinger-oscillator.md)): Stephen Klinger's volume-based oscillator that combines price trend direction and volume into a daily 'volume force', then takes the difference between a...
- [Know Sure Thing: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/know-sure-thing/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/know-sure-thing.md)): Martin Pring's KST sums four smoothed rate-of-change series of increasing length, with longer-term cycles given higher weights. It blends short...
- [Majority Rule: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/majority-rule/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/majority-rule.md)): A voting rule applied to momentum: several binary signals, such as positive returns over different lookbacks, are counted, and the asset is treated as...
- [Momentum Acceleration: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/momentum-acceleration/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/momentum-acceleration.md)): Measures the change in momentum itself: the current momentum reading minus an earlier reading. It shows whether a trend is gaining or losing speed, which is...
- [Momentum Indicator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/momentum-indicator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/momentum-indicator.md)): The simplest momentum measure: the difference between the current price and the price n periods earlier. A ratio form, price divided by the earlier price...
- [Momentum Rank: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/momentum-rank/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/momentum-rank.md)): Ranks assets in a universe by a momentum score, typically trailing return, so each asset gets a position from strongest to weakest. It converts a raw...
- [Price Oscillator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/price-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/price-oscillator.md)): The percentage difference between a fast and a slow moving average of price. Expressing the gap relative to the slow average makes it comparable across...
- [Rank Correlation Index: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/rank-correlation-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/rank-correlation-index.md)): Applies Spearman's rank correlation to price: it correlates the rank of each recent price with the rank of its time order. A value near +100 means prices...
- [Rate of Change (ROC): Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/rate-of-change/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/rate-of-change.md)): Rate of Change expresses the current price as a percentage change from the price n periods ago. It is an unbounded momentum oscillator that moves above and...
- [Relative Momentum: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/relative-momentum/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/relative-momentum.md)): Compares one asset's trailing return with another asset or a benchmark, rather than with its own past or with the whole universe. It answers which of two...
- [Relative Strength Index (RSI): Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/relative-strength-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/relative-strength-index.md)): The Relative Strength Index, developed by J. Welles Wilder Jr., compares the average size of recent price gains with the average size of recent losses and...
- [Relative Vigor Index: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/relative-vigor-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/relative-vigor-index.md)): John Ehlers' oscillator based on the idea that closes tend to be higher than opens in uptrends and lower in downtrends. It divides a smoothed...
- [Residual Momentum: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/residual-momentum/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/residual-momentum.md)): Momentum computed from the part of a stock's returns not explained by common factors such as the market, size and value. Residuals come from a regression...
- [Risk-Adjusted Momentum: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/risk-adjusted-momentum/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/risk-adjusted-momentum.md)): A trailing return measure scaled by risk, so assets that earned their return with less volatility score higher. A common form subtracts the risk-free rate...
- [SMI Ergodic Oscillator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/smi-ergodic-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/smi-ergodic-oscillator.md)): William Blau's SMI Ergodic Oscillator is commonly defined as the difference between the SMI Ergodic Indicator, a double-smoothed true strength measure, and...
- [Stochastic Momentum Index: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/stochastic-momentum-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/stochastic-momentum-index.md)): William Blau's SMI measures where the close sits relative to the midpoint of the recent high-low range rather than relative to the low. The distance and the...
- [Stochastic Oscillator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/stochastic-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/stochastic-oscillator.md)): The Stochastic Oscillator, developed by George Lane, shows where the latest close sits within the highest high and lowest low of the last n bars, on a scale...
- [Stochastic RSI: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/stochastic-rsi/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/stochastic-rsi.md)): Applies the stochastic formula to RSI values instead of prices, as introduced by Tushar Chande and Stanley Kroll. It shows where the current RSI sits within...
- [Time Series Momentum: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/time-series-momentum/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/time-series-momentum.md)): Momentum based on an asset's own past return: if the asset's trailing excess return is positive it is held long, if negative short or in cash, independent...
- [True Strength Index: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/true-strength-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/true-strength-index.md)): William Blau's TSI divides the double-smoothed price change by the double-smoothed absolute price change. The ratio is a smoothed momentum oscillator...
- [Ultimate Oscillator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/ultimate-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/ultimate-oscillator.md)): Larry Williams' oscillator that combines buying pressure over three timeframes (7, 14 and 28 periods) with weights 4, 2 and 1. Using several windows is...
- [Volatility-Adjusted Momentum: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/volatility-adjusted-momentum/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/volatility-adjusted-momentum.md)): A trailing return divided by the asset's realized volatility, so a given move counts for more when volatility is low. It can also drive position sizing...
- [Williams Accumulation/Distribution](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/williams-accumulation-distribution/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/williams-accumulation-distribution.md)): Larry Williams' cumulative line that compares each close with the prior close and the bar's extremes to judge accumulation or distribution. Unlike the...
- [Williams %R (%R): Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/williams-percent-r/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/momentum/williams-percent-r.md)): Williams %R, developed by Larry Williams, measures where the latest close sits relative to the highest high and lowest low of the last n bars. It runs from...
- [Options Indicators](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options.md)): Measure option-implied expectations, positioning, exposure, or market structure.
- [25-Delta Butterfly: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/25-delta-butterfly/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/25-delta-butterfly.md)): The 25-delta butterfly measures smile curvature: the average implied volatility of the 25-delta call and 25-delta put minus the at-the-money implied...
- [25-Delta Risk Reversal: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/25-delta-risk-reversal/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/25-delta-risk-reversal.md)): The 25-delta risk reversal is the implied volatility of the 25-delta call minus the implied volatility of the 25-delta put for one expiry. It summarizes the...
- [ATM Implied Volatility: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/atm-implied-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/atm-implied-volatility.md)): At-the-money implied volatility is the volatility input that makes an option pricing model match the market price of the option whose strike is at, or...
- [Bid-Ask Spread Percent: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/bid-ask-spread-percent/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/bid-ask-spread-percent.md)): The bid-ask spread percent expresses an option quote's spread as a share of its midpoint price. It is a direct measure of the round-trip cost of trading...
- [Call Skew: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/call-skew/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/call-skew.md)): Call skew compares implied volatility on out-of-the-money calls with a reference level, usually at-the-money volatility, for one expiry. It shows how richly...
- [Call Volume: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/call-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/call-volume.md)): Call volume is the number of call option contracts traded during a session, summed across the strikes and expirations being measured. Each contract usually...
- [Call Wall: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/call-wall/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/call-wall.md)): The call wall is the strike above the current price with the largest call open interest (some vendors weight by call gamma). In dealer-positioning...
- [Charm: Delta Decay](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/charm-exposure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/charm-exposure.md)): Charm (delta decay) is the second-order option Greek measuring how delta changes as time passes. Learn how charm exposure works, its sign conventions.
- [Color Exposure: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/color-exposure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/color-exposure.md)): Color exposure aggregates option color, the rate at which gamma changes with the passage of time (dGamma/dt, the third derivative d3V/dS2dt), across open...
- [Dealer Gamma Exposure: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/dealer-gamma-exposure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/dealer-gamma-exposure.md)): Dealer gamma exposure estimates how much option dealers' hedge deltas would change for a 1 percent move in the underlying. It is built from open interest...
- [Delta Exposure: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/delta-exposure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/delta-exposure.md)): Delta exposure translates option open interest into share-equivalent directional exposure by multiplying each contract's delta by its open interest and the...
- [Earnings IV Premium: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/earnings-iv-premium/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/earnings-iv-premium.md)): The earnings IV premium is the extra implied volatility in the expiry that spans an earnings announcement compared with a baseline expiry that does not. It...
- [Event Volatility Premium: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/event-volatility-premium/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/event-volatility-premium.md)): The event volatility premium compares the move implied by options for a scheduled event, such as earnings or a policy decision, with the moves that actually...
- [Expected Move: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/expected-move/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/expected-move.md)): The expected move is the one-standard-deviation price range implied by an option's volatility over a stated number of days. It converts annualized implied...
- [Gamma Exposure: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/gamma-exposure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/gamma-exposure.md)): Gamma exposure (GEX) sums option gamma across strikes and expiries, weighted by open interest and scaled to dollars, to estimate how sensitive aggregate...
- [Gamma Flip Level: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/gamma-flip-level/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/gamma-flip-level.md)): The gamma flip level is the underlying price at which estimated net dealer gamma changes sign, found by recomputing gamma across a grid of hypothetical...
- [Gamma Wall: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/gamma-wall/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/gamma-wall.md)): The gamma wall is the strike with the largest absolute estimated gamma exposure. It marks where aggregate gamma, and so the potential for hedging flows to...
- [Implied Move: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/implied-move/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/implied-move.md)): The implied move converts annualized implied volatility into a one-standard-deviation percentage move over a chosen horizon. It answers how large a move...
- [IV-HV Spread: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/iv-hv-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/iv-hv-spread.md)): The IV-HV spread is implied volatility minus historical (realized) volatility for the same underlying and a comparable horizon. It shows whether options are...
- [IV Term Structure: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/iv-term-structure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/iv-term-structure.md)): The IV term structure is the pattern of implied volatility across option expirations for one underlying, at a comparable strike. Its slope shows how the...
- [Max Pain: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/max-pain/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/max-pain.md)): Max pain is the expiration settlement price at which the total intrinsic value paid to option holders, summed across all open call and put contracts at an...
- [Net Charm: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/net-charm/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/net-charm.md)): Net charm aggregates option charm, also called delta decay (dDelta/dt), across open interest. It estimates how much aggregate delta, and so hedge demand...
- [Net Delta: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/net-delta/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/net-delta.md)): Net delta adds the deltas of calls and puts across a set of positions or open interest, in share equivalents, so that opposite exposures offset. A call has...
- [Net Gamma: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/net-gamma/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/net-gamma.md)): Net gamma adds the gamma of long and short option positions, in shares of delta per $1 move. Positive net gamma means delta rises as price rises; negative...
- [Net Vanna: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/net-vanna/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/net-vanna.md)): Net vanna aggregates option vanna, the sensitivity of delta to a change in implied volatility (dDelta/dVol, equal to dVega/dS), across positions or open...
- [Open Interest Concentration: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/open-interest-concentration/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/open-interest-concentration.md)): Open interest concentration measures how much of the total open interest in an expiry or chain sits in a few strikes. High concentration means positioning...
- [Option Open Interest: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/option-open-interest/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/option-open-interest.md)): Option open interest is the number of option contracts that have been opened and not yet closed, exercised, or expired. It is reported once per day...
- [Option Volume/Open Interest Ratio](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/option-volume-open-interest-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/option-volume-open-interest-ratio.md)): The volume to open interest ratio divides a contract's trading volume for the day by its open interest. A high ratio means trading is large relative to the...
- [Option Volume: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/option-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/option-volume.md)): Option volume is the total number of option contracts, calls plus puts, traded in a session for an underlying, expiry or strike. It measures trading...
- [Options Liquidity Score: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/options-liquidity-score/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/options-liquidity-score.md)): An options liquidity score is a composite rating of how easy an option contract or chain is to trade, typically combining spread width, volume and open...
- [OTM Call Implied Volatility: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/otm-call-implied-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/otm-call-implied-volatility.md)): Out-of-the-money call implied volatility is the implied volatility of calls struck above the current underlying price, often taken at a fixed delta (such as...
- [OTM Put Implied Volatility: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/otm-put-implied-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/otm-put-implied-volatility.md)): Out-of-the-money put implied volatility is the implied volatility of puts struck below the current underlying price, often taken at a fixed delta such as...
- [Pin Risk: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/pin-risk/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/pin-risk.md)): Pin risk is the risk near expiry that the underlying settles at or very close to a strike with large open interest, making it uncertain whether short...
- [Probability ITM: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/probability-itm/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/probability-itm.md)): Probability in the money is the model-implied chance that an option finishes in the money at expiry. Under Black-Scholes, the risk-neutral probability that...
- [Probability OTM: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/probability-otm/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/probability-otm.md)): Probability out of the money is the model-implied chance that an option expires worthless. Under Black-Scholes, a put expires out of the money when the...
- [Put/Call Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/put-call-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/put-call-ratio.md)): The put-call ratio divides put activity by call activity, using either traded volume or open interest. It is a simple gauge of the balance between put and...
- [Put Skew: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/put-skew/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/put-skew.md)): Put skew compares the implied volatility of out-of-the-money puts, typically at a fixed delta such as 25-delta, with at-the-money implied volatility for one...
- [Put Volume: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/put-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/put-volume.md)): Put volume is the number of put option contracts traded during a session, summed across the strikes and expirations being measured. Each contract usually...
- [Put Wall: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/put-wall/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/put-wall.md)): The put wall is the strike below the current price with the largest put open interest (some vendors weight by put gamma). In dealer-positioning commentary...
- [Skew Percentile: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/skew-percentile/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/skew-percentile.md)): Skew percentile ranks the current skew reading against its own history over a lookback window. It shows how unusual today's skew is for that underlying...
- [Speed Exposure: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/speed-exposure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/speed-exposure.md)): Speed exposure aggregates option speed, the rate of change of gamma with respect to the underlying price (dGamma/dS, the third derivative d3V/dS3), across...
- [Straddle Implied Move: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/straddle-implied-move/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/straddle-implied-move.md)): The straddle implied move is the cost of the at-the-money straddle (call plus put) divided by the underlying price. It is a market-quoted estimate of the...
- [Unusual Options Activity: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/unusual-options-activity/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/unusual-options-activity.md)): Unusual options activity flags contracts whose trading is abnormally large relative to their own history or open interest. Definitions vary by vendor, and...
- [Unusual Options Volume: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/unusual-options-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/unusual-options-volume.md)): Unusual options volume measures how far current option volume sits from its usual level, commonly as a z-score against a trailing mean and standard...
- [Vanna Exposure: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/vanna-exposure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/vanna-exposure.md)): Vanna exposure estimates the dollar change in aggregate option delta for a one-point change in implied volatility, built from vanna (dDelta/dVol) and open...
- [Volatility Smile: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/volatility-smile/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/volatility-smile.md)): The volatility smile plots implied volatility against strike (or log-moneyness) for a single expiry. Under Black-Scholes it would be flat; in practice it...
- [Volatility Surface: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/volatility-surface/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/volatility-surface.md)): The volatility surface maps implied volatility across both strike (or moneyness) and expiry for one underlying. It combines the smile and the term structure...
- [Vomma Exposure: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/vomma-exposure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/vomma-exposure.md)): Vomma, also called volga, is the sensitivity of vega to a change in implied volatility (dVega/dVol, the second derivative d2V/dsigma2). Vomma exposure...
- [Zero Gamma Level: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/zero-gamma-level/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/options/zero-gamma-level.md)): The zero gamma level is the underlying price at which estimated total dealer gamma equals zero, found by scanning hypothetical prices and recomputing gamma...
- [Portfolio & Risk Indicators](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk.md)): Measure portfolio return quality, drawdown, concentration, exposure, or tail risk.
- [Active Share: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/active-share/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/active-share.md)): Active share is the fraction of a portfolio that differs from its benchmark: half the sum of the absolute differences between portfolio weights and...
- [Beta-Adjusted Exposure: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/beta-adjusted-exposure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/beta-adjusted-exposure.md)): Beta-adjusted exposure scales each position's market value by its beta to a chosen market index, then sums and divides by equity, showing how much market...
- [Burke Ratio: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/burke-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/burke-ratio.md)): The Burke ratio divides a portfolio's excess return by the square root of the sum of its squared drawdowns, so repeated or deep drawdowns are penalized more...
- [Component VaR: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/component-var/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/component-var.md)): Component VaR is the part of a portfolio's total Value at Risk attributable to one position: the position's weight times its marginal VaR. Under standard...
- [Correlation Concentration: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/correlation-concentration/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/correlation-concentration.md)): Correlation concentration describes how much of a portfolio's risk is driven by holdings that move together. A common summary is the average pairwise...
- [Current Drawdown: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/current-drawdown/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/current-drawdown.md)): Current drawdown is the percentage decline of the portfolio's present value from its highest previous value (its running peak). It is zero at a new high and...
- [Diversification Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/diversification-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/diversification-ratio.md)): The diversification ratio compares the weighted average of the individual asset volatilities with the volatility of the portfolio. It exceeds 1 to the...
- [Downside Capture Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/downside-capture-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/downside-capture-ratio.md)): The downside capture ratio compares a portfolio's performance with its benchmark's only during periods when the benchmark fell. A value below 100% means the...
- [Downside Deviation: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/downside-deviation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/downside-deviation.md)): Downside deviation is the root mean square of returns that fall below a minimum acceptable return (MAR), counting returns at or above the MAR as zero. It...
- [Drawdown Contribution: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/drawdown-contribution/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/drawdown-contribution.md)): Drawdown contribution attributes a portfolio's peak-to-trough loss to its individual positions or sleeves, showing which holdings caused the decline. With...
- [Drawdown Duration: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/drawdown-duration/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/drawdown-duration.md)): Drawdown duration is the length of time a portfolio spends below a previous equity peak, measured from the peak to the date the peak is regained (or to the...
- [Effective Number of Bets: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/effective-number-of-bets/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/effective-number-of-bets.md)): Effective number of bets counts how many independent sources of risk a portfolio really holds. A common version (Meucci) is the exponential of the entropy...
- [Factor Contribution to Risk: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/factor-contribution-to-risk/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/factor-contribution-to-risk.md)): Factor contribution to risk splits portfolio variance into the part driven by each common factor (market, size, value and so on) and a residual part, using...
- [Factor Exposure: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/factor-exposure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/factor-exposure.md)): Factor exposure is a portfolio's sensitivity (loading) to a return factor such as the market, size or value. It is usually the regression coefficient of the...
- [Gain-to-Pain Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/gain-to-pain-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/gain-to-pain-ratio.md)): The gain-to-pain ratio divides the sum of all periodic returns by the absolute value of the sum of the negative returns. It asks how much total gain a...
- [Gross Exposure: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/gross-exposure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/gross-exposure.md)): Gross exposure is the total market value of long and short positions combined, expressed as a share of account equity. It measures how much capital is...
- [Herfindahl Concentration Index: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/herfindahl-concentration-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/herfindahl-concentration-index.md)): The Herfindahl concentration index is the sum of the squared portfolio weights. It rises as capital concentrates in fewer positions and equals 1 divided by...
- [Historical VaR: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/historical-var/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/historical-var.md)): Historical Value at Risk estimates a loss threshold directly from the empirical distribution of past portfolio returns, as the percentile of that history...
- [Incremental VaR: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/incremental-var/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/incremental-var.md)): Incremental VaR is the change in portfolio Value at Risk caused by adding a position, removing one, or resizing a trade, found by recomputing VaR with and...
- [Jensen Alpha: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/jensen-alpha/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/jensen-alpha.md)): Jensen's alpha is the portfolio's average return in excess of what the capital asset pricing model predicts from its beta, the risk-free rate and the market...
- [Kelly Fraction: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/kelly-fraction/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/kelly-fraction.md)): The Kelly fraction is the share of capital that maximizes the long-run expected logarithmic growth of capital for a repeated bet with known odds. For a...
- [Marginal Contribution to Risk: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/marginal-contribution-to-risk/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/marginal-contribution-to-risk.md)): Marginal contribution to risk (MCTR) is how much portfolio volatility changes for a small increase in one asset's weight. It is the partial derivative of...
- [Marginal VaR: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/marginal-var/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/marginal-var.md)): Marginal VaR is the rate of change of portfolio Value at Risk with respect to a small increase in one position's size. Under a normal model it is...
- [Martin Ratio: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/martin-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/martin-ratio.md)): The Martin ratio divides a portfolio's excess return by the Ulcer Index, which measures the depth and duration of drawdowns. It is the same calculation as...
- [Maximum Diversification Weight: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/maximum-diversification-weight/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/maximum-diversification-weight.md)): Maximum diversification weights are the portfolio weights that maximize the diversification ratio, the weighted average asset volatility divided by...
- [Monte Carlo VaR: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/monte-carlo-var/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/monte-carlo-var.md)): Monte Carlo VaR estimates Value at Risk by simulating many possible future return scenarios from an assumed model, revaluing the portfolio in each, and...
- [Net Exposure: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/net-exposure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/net-exposure.md)): Net exposure is long market value minus short market value, expressed as a share of account equity. It shows the portfolio's overall directional position in...
- [Parametric VaR: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/parametric-var/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/parametric-var.md)): Parametric (variance-covariance) VaR assumes portfolio returns follow a known distribution, usually normal, and computes the loss threshold from the...
- [Portfolio Alpha: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/portfolio-alpha/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/portfolio-alpha.md)): Portfolio alpha is the part of a portfolio's return not explained by its exposure to market or factor returns. In a regression of excess returns on factors...
- [Portfolio Beta: Formula, Interpretation](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/portfolio-beta/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/portfolio-beta.md)): Portfolio Beta (β) measures how much a portfolio's returns move relative to a benchmark. Formula, interpretation table, worked examples, benchmark selection.
- [Portfolio Turnover: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/portfolio-turnover/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/portfolio-turnover.md)): Portfolio turnover measures how much of a portfolio is traded over a period. A common fund convention takes the lesser of total purchases and total sales...
- [Recovery Time: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/recovery-time/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/recovery-time.md)): Recovery time is how long it takes a portfolio to climb back to its prior peak after reaching the bottom of a drawdown, measured from the trough date to the...
- [Risk-Adjusted Return: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/risk-adjusted-return/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/risk-adjusted-return.md)): Risk-adjusted return expresses return per unit of risk taken. The most common version is the Sharpe-style ratio: excess return over the risk-free rate...
- [Risk Contribution: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/risk-contribution/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/risk-contribution.md)): Risk contribution shows what share of total portfolio risk comes from each holding, taking correlations into account. The percentage form divides each...
- [Risk Parity Weight: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/risk-parity-weight/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/risk-parity-weight.md)): Risk parity weights size each asset so that all contribute equally to portfolio risk, rather than holding equal capital. Low-volatility assets therefore...
- [Sterling Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/sterling-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/sterling-ratio.md)): The Sterling ratio compares annualized return with a drawdown measure. It is commonly defined as annualized return divided by the average maximum drawdown...
- [Tracking Error: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/tracking-error/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/tracking-error.md)): Tracking error is the standard deviation of the difference between a portfolio's returns and its benchmark's returns, the active returns. It measures how...
- [Ulcer Performance Index: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/ulcer-performance-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/ulcer-performance-index.md)): The Ulcer Performance Index divides excess return by the Ulcer Index, a measure of the depth and duration of percentage drawdowns from the running peak. It...
- [Upside Capture Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/upside-capture-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/upside-capture-ratio.md)): The upside capture ratio compares a portfolio's performance with its benchmark's only during periods when the benchmark rose. A value above 100% means the...
- [Volatility Contribution: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/volatility-contribution/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/portfolio-and-risk/volatility-contribution.md)): Volatility contribution is the portion of portfolio volatility, in volatility units, attributable to one position through the Euler decomposition....
- [Price & Structure Indicators](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure.md)): Transform price or quantify location relative to recurring chart structure.
- [52-Week High/Low: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/52-week-high-low/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/52-week-high-low.md)): The 52-week high and low are the highest high and lowest low a security has reached over the trailing 52 weeks, roughly 252 trading sessions. They mark the...
- [Average Price: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/average-price/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/average-price.md)): Average price is the mean of a bar's open, high, low and close. It is sometimes called OHLC4 and summarizes the whole bar in one number, using the open that...
- [Darvas Box: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/darvas-box/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/darvas-box.md)): A Darvas box is a rectangular price range drawn around a consolidation, named after Nicolas Darvas. It is commonly built from a new high that holds for...
- [Distance From Moving Average: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/distance-from-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/distance-from-moving-average.md)): Distance from a moving average is the percentage gap between the current price and a chosen moving average, showing how stretched price is relative to its...
- [Distance From VWAP: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/distance-from-vwap/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/distance-from-vwap.md)): Distance from VWAP is the percentage gap between price and the volume-weighted average price, the average price weighted by volume. It shows how far price...
- [Highest High: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/highest-high/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/highest-high.md)): Highest high is the maximum of the high prices over the last N bars. It marks the upper edge of the recent range and is a building block of channel and...
- [Linear Regression Channel: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/linear-regression-channel/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/linear-regression-channel.md)): A linear regression channel fits a least-squares straight line to the last N prices and draws parallel bands above and below it, usually a fixed number of...
- [Linear Regression Curve: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/linear-regression-curve/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/linear-regression-curve.md)): The linear regression curve plots, at each bar, the end-point value of the least-squares line fitted to the last N closes. It is a trend-following average...
- [Log Price: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/log-price/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/log-price.md)): Log price is the natural logarithm of the price. On a log scale equal vertical distances represent equal percentage changes, and the difference between two...
- [Lowest Low: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/lowest-low/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/lowest-low.md)): Lowest low is the minimum of the low prices over the last N bars. It marks the lower edge of the recent range and is a building block of channel and...
- [Median Price: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/median-price/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/median-price.md)): Median price is the midpoint of a single bar's high and low, ignoring the open and close. It represents the center of the bar's traded range.
- [Midpoint: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/midpoint/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/midpoint.md)): Midpoint is the average of the highest and lowest values of a single price series (usually the close) over the last N bars. It marks the center of that...
- [Midprice: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/midprice/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/midprice.md)): Midprice is the average of the highest high and the lowest low over the last N bars. It marks the center of the full high-to-low range of the window.
- [Normalized Price: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/normalized-price/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/normalized-price.md)): Normalized price rebases a price series so that it starts at a common value, usually 100, which lets assets with different price levels be compared by...
- [Opening Range Breakout Level: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/opening-range-breakout-level/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/opening-range-breakout-level.md)): The opening range breakout level is the high or low of the opening range (the first N minutes of a session) used as a trigger line, sometimes offset by a...
- [Opening Range: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/opening-range/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/opening-range.md)): The opening range is the high-to-low range that price traces during the first N minutes of a trading session (commonly 5, 15, 30 or 60 minutes). Its high...
- [Pivot Points Camarilla: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/pivot-points-camarilla/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/pivot-points-camarilla.md)): Camarilla pivot points are intraday support and resistance levels computed from the prior session's range and close, using multipliers of 1.1 over 12, 6, 4...
- [Pivot Points DeMark: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/pivot-points-demark/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/pivot-points-demark.md)): DeMark pivot points use the relationship between the prior session's open and close to choose a weighting, then compute one pivot with a single support and...
- [Pivot Points Fibonacci: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/pivot-points-fibonacci/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/pivot-points-fibonacci.md)): Fibonacci pivot points start from the standard pivot (the average of the prior high, low and close) and place support and resistance levels at Fibonacci...
- [Pivot Points Standard: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/pivot-points-standard/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/pivot-points-standard.md)): Standard (floor) pivot points compute a central pivot from the prior session's high, low and close, then derive three support and three resistance levels...
- [Pivot Points Woodie: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/pivot-points-woodie/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/pivot-points-woodie.md)): Woodie's pivot points weight the prior close more heavily than the standard pivot does, then derive two support and two resistance levels. Some platforms...
- [Previous Day High/Low: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/previous-day-high-low/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/previous-day-high-low.md)): The previous day's high and low are the highest and lowest prices traded during the prior session. They are carried forward as reference levels for the...
- [Previous Week High/Low: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/previous-week-high-low/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/previous-week-high-low.md)): The previous week's high and low are the highest and lowest prices traded during the prior calendar or trading week. They are carried forward as reference...
- [Price Channel: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/price-channel/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/price-channel.md)): A price channel draws an upper line at the highest high and a lower line at the lowest low over the last N bars, with an optional midline. The best-known...
- [Price Gap Percentage: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/price-gap-percentage/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/price-gap-percentage.md)): Price gap percentage measures the jump between one session's close and the next session's open as a percentage of the prior close. A positive value is a gap...
- [Price Percentile Rank: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/price-percentile-rank/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/price-percentile-rank.md)): Price percentile rank is the percentage of closes in a lookback window that are at or below the current price. A rank of 90 means price is higher than or...
- [Price Ratio: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/price-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/price-ratio.md)): A price ratio divides the price of one asset by the price of another, for example a stock against an index or one commodity against another. It expresses...
- [Ratio Chart: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/ratio-chart/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/ratio-chart.md)): A ratio chart plots one asset's price divided by another's over time. A rising line shows the numerator outperforming the denominator, and a falling line...
- [Rolling High/Low Percentile: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/rolling-high-low-percentile/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/rolling-high-low-percentile.md)): Rolling high/low percentile places the current close within the high-low range of the last N bars, scaled from 0 to 100. It is commonly computed as the...
- [Spread: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/spread.md)): A spread is the difference between two related prices, such as the ask and bid of one security (the quoted spread), two futures contracts, or the prices of...
- [Standard Error Bands: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/standard-error-bands/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/standard-error-bands.md)): Standard error bands place bands a chosen multiple of the regression standard error above and below a linear regression line fitted to recent prices. They...
- [Standard Error: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/standard-error/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/standard-error.md)): In technical analysis the standard error indicator is the standard error of the estimate for a linear regression fitted to the last N prices, a measure of...
- [Support/Resistance Strength: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/support-resistance-strength/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/support-resistance-strength.md)): Support/resistance strength is a heuristic score for how significant a horizontal price level looks, usually based on how many times price has reacted at...
- [Typical Price: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/typical-price/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/typical-price.md)): Typical price is the average of a bar's high, low and close. It summarizes the bar in one number and is the price input for indicators such as VWAP, the...
- [Weighted Close: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/weighted-close/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/weighted-close.md)): Weighted close averages a bar's high, low and close with the close counted twice. It tilts the summary of the bar toward where trading finished.
- [Williams Fractal: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/williams-fractal/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/williams-fractal.md)): A Williams fractal is a five-bar pattern from Bill Williams. An up fractal is a bar whose high is higher than the highs of the two bars before and the two...
- [Zig Zag: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/zig-zag/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/price-and-structure/zig-zag.md)): The zig-zag indicator connects significant swing highs and swing lows, ignoring price moves smaller than a threshold percentage. A new leg is registered...
- [Relative Strength Indicators](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength.md)): Indicators that compare one instrument or market against a benchmark or universe, measuring comparative performance rather than absolute price movement.
- [Benchmark Relative Return: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/benchmark-relative-return/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/benchmark-relative-return.md)): The return of an asset minus the return of a chosen benchmark over the same period, also called excess or active return. It shows by how many percentage...
- [Comparative Relative Strength (RS)](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/comparative-relative-strength/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/comparative-relative-strength.md)): Comparative relative strength divides one asset's price by a benchmark's price to form a ratio line, so a rising line means the asset has gained on the...
- [Cyclical vs Defensive Ratio: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/cyclical-vs-defensive-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/cyclical-vs-defensive-ratio.md)): The price of a basket of cyclical sector stocks divided by the price of a basket of defensive sector stocks, for example consumer discretionary relative to...
- [Equal-Weight vs Cap-Weight Ratio](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/equal-weight-vs-cap-weight-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/equal-weight-vs-cap-weight-ratio.md)): The price of an equal-weight index or ETF divided by the price of its capitalisation-weighted counterpart, such as an equal-weight S&P 500 over the S&P 500....
- [Growth vs Value Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/growth-vs-value-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/growth-vs-value-ratio.md)): The level of a growth style index divided by the level of the corresponding value style index, such as the Russell 1000 Growth over the Russell 1000 Value....
- [High Beta vs Low Volatility Ratio](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/high-beta-vs-low-volatility-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/high-beta-vs-low-volatility-ratio.md)): The level of a high-beta index divided by the level of a low-volatility index, for example the S&P 500 High Beta over the S&P 500 Low Volatility. A rising...
- [Industry Relative Strength: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/industry-relative-strength/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/industry-relative-strength.md)): The performance of an industry group measured against a broad market index, usually as a ratio of the group's price index to the market index or as a rank...
- [Mansfield Relative Strength: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/mansfield-relative-strength/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/mansfield-relative-strength.md)): A form of relative strength associated with Stan Weinstein's stage analysis. It takes the ratio of a stock to a benchmark and measures how far it sits above...
- [Momentum Percentile Rank: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/momentum-percentile-rank/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/momentum-percentile-rank.md)): The percentile position of a stock's momentum, commonly its 6- or 12-month return, within a universe of stocks. A rank of 90 means the stock's momentum is...
- [Peer Relative Strength: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/peer-relative-strength/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/peer-relative-strength.md)): The performance of a stock compared with a group of peers, such as companies in the same industry, commonly as the stock's price divided by an...
- [Price Relative: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/price-relative/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/price-relative.md)): The price of a security divided by the price of a benchmark or another security, observed at the same time. It is the raw ratio from which relative strength...
- [Ratio Momentum: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/ratio-momentum/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/ratio-momentum.md)): The rate of change of a relative strength ratio, such as a stock-to-index ratio, over a set number of periods. It shows whether relative performance is...
- [Relative Performance Ratio: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/relative-performance-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/relative-performance-ratio.md)): The cumulative return of an asset divided by the cumulative return of a benchmark, both measured from the same start date, so the ratio equals 1 at the...
- [Relative Rotation Momentum: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/relative-rotation-momentum/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/relative-rotation-momentum.md)): The RS-Momentum axis of a Relative Rotation Graph, introduced by Julius de Kempenaer. It measures the rate of change of the RS-Ratio, centred on 100, and...
- [Relative Rotation Ratio: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/relative-rotation-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/relative-rotation-ratio.md)): The RS-Ratio axis of a Relative Rotation Graph, introduced by Julius de Kempenaer. It measures the trend of an asset's relative strength against a...
- [Relative Strength Line: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/relative-strength-line/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/relative-strength-line.md)): A line formed by dividing an asset's price by a benchmark's price on each date and plotting the result over time. It is not the relative strength index; it...
- [Relative Strength New High: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/relative-strength-new-high/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/relative-strength-new-high.md)): A condition in which the relative strength line of an asset against a benchmark reaches a new high over a chosen look-back, commonly 52 weeks. It shows when...
- [Relative Strength Percentile: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/relative-strength-percentile/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/relative-strength-percentile.md)): The percentile position of an asset's relative performance, measured against a benchmark or by its return, among all assets in a universe, on a 0 to 100 or...
- [Relative Strength Rank: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/relative-strength-rank/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/relative-strength-rank.md)): The ordinal position of an asset when a universe is sorted by relative strength, where 1 is the strongest. It answers how many assets have shown stronger...
- [Risk-On vs Risk-Off Ratio: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/risk-on-vs-risk-off-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/risk-on-vs-risk-off-ratio.md)): The ratio of the price of a risk-seeking asset, such as a broad equity index, to the price of a safe-haven asset, such as long-dated Treasuries or gold. A...
- [Sector Relative Strength: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/sector-relative-strength/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/sector-relative-strength.md)): The performance of a market sector measured against the broad market, often by ranking the sectors by their return over a look-back period or comparing each...
- [Sector vs Market Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/sector-vs-market-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/sector-vs-market-ratio.md)): The level of a sector index or ETF divided by the level of a broad market index, drawn as a line over time. It is the ratio form of sector relative strength...
- [Small-Cap vs Large-Cap Ratio: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/small-cap-vs-large-cap-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/small-cap-vs-large-cap-ratio.md)): The level of a small-cap index or ETF divided by the level of a large-cap index or ETF, such as the Russell 2000 over the S&P 500. A rising ratio means...
- [Stock vs Index Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/stock-vs-index-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/relative-strength/stock-vs-index-ratio.md)): A single stock's price divided by the level of the index it belongs to, or a relevant market index. It is the same calculation as the price relative...
- [Sentiment Indicators](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment.md)): Indicators derived from options activity, surveys, and positioning data that describe investor expectations, fear, greed, and crowd behavior.
- [AAII Bearish Sentiment: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/aaii-bearish-sentiment/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/aaii-bearish-sentiment.md)): The percentage of respondents in the weekly American Association of Individual Investors survey who say they expect stock prices to fall over the next six...
- [AAII Bull-Bear Spread: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/aaii-bull-bear-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/aaii-bull-bear-spread.md)): The difference between the percentage of bullish and bearish respondents in the weekly AAII Investor Sentiment Survey. It collapses the three-way survey...
- [AAII Bullish Sentiment: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/aaii-bullish-sentiment/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/aaii-bullish-sentiment.md)): The percentage of respondents in the weekly AAII survey who expect stock prices to rise over the next six months. It is one of three components of the...
- [Asset Manager Net Position: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/asset-manager-net-position/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/asset-manager-net-position.md)): The net futures position of the Asset Manager/Institutional category in the CFTC Traders in Financial Futures report: long positions minus short positions....
- [CBOE Volatility Index (VIX): Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/cboe-volatility-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/cboe-volatility-index.md)): The Cboe Volatility Index (VIX) estimates the 30-day volatility of the S&P 500 that option prices imply. It is computed from a wide strip of...
- [Commercial Hedger Net Position: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/commercial-hedger-net-position/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/commercial-hedger-net-position.md)): The net futures position of commercial traders, those the CFTC classifies as hedging a business risk, in the Commitments of Traders report: long contracts...
- [Commitments of Traders Net Position](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/commitments-of-traders-net-position/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/commitments-of-traders-net-position.md)): Long contracts minus short contracts for any chosen trader category in the CFTC Commitments of Traders reports. The reports come in several formats, legacy...
- [Corporate Buyback Activity: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/corporate-buyback-activity/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/corporate-buyback-activity.md)): The total value of shares that companies repurchase in a period, commonly shown as a dollar amount or as a percentage of market capitalisation. It measures...
- [Credit Spread Sentiment: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/credit-spread-sentiment/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/credit-spread-sentiment.md)): The gap between the yield on corporate bonds and the yield on Treasuries of comparable maturity, often the option-adjusted spread of a high-yield or...
- [Days to Cover: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/days-to-cover/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/days-to-cover.md)): Short interest divided by the average daily trading volume of a stock, giving the number of days it would take short sellers to buy back their shares at...
- [Equity Put/Call Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/equity-put-call-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/equity-put-call-ratio.md)): Put option volume divided by call option volume on single-stock options, as published by Cboe for its equity-only ratio. It reflects how much options...
- [ETF Fund Flows: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/etf-fund-flows/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/etf-fund-flows.md)): The net amount of money moving into or out of exchange-traded funds in a period, measured as the change in shares outstanding multiplied by the net asset...
- [ETF Put/Call Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/etf-put-call-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/etf-put-call-ratio.md)): Put volume divided by call volume on options listed on exchange-traded products, as published by Cboe in its ETP put/call ratio. ETF options are widely used...
- [FINRA Margin Debt: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/finra-margin-debt/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/finra-margin-debt.md)): The total debit balances in customers' securities margin accounts, which FINRA publishes each month from member-firm reports. It measures how much investors...
- [Index Put/Call Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/index-put-call-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/index-put-call-ratio.md)): Put volume divided by call volume on index options, as published by Cboe in its index put/call ratio. Index options are heavily used by institutions for...
- [Insider Buy/Sell Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/insider-buy-sell-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/insider-buy-sell-ratio.md)): The count (or dollar value) of open-market insider purchases divided by open-market insider sales, drawn from Form 4 filings. Only transactions coded as...
- [Investors Intelligence Bull-Bear Spread](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/investors-intelligence-bull-bear-spread/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/investors-intelligence-bull-bear-spread.md)): The difference between the percentage of bullish and bearish investment newsletter editors in the Investors Intelligence survey, which also tracks a...
- [IPO Activity Gauge: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/ipo-activity-gauge/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/ipo-activity-gauge.md)): A measure of how many companies are listing, commonly the number of IPOs priced in a period or their combined proceeds, sometimes alongside average...
- [Junk Bond Demand Gauge: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/junk-bond-demand-gauge/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/junk-bond-demand-gauge.md)): The yield spread between high-yield (junk) bonds and investment-grade bonds, as used for the junk bond demand component of the CNN Fear and Greed Index. It...
- [Leveraged Funds Net Position: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/leveraged-funds-net-position/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/leveraged-funds-net-position.md)): The net futures position of the Leveraged Funds category in the CFTC Traders in Financial Futures report: long contracts minus short contracts. The category...
- [Margin Debt to Market Cap: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/margin-debt-to-market-cap/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/margin-debt-to-market-cap.md)): FINRA margin debt expressed as a percentage of the total market capitalisation of the US stock market. It scales investor borrowing by the size of the...
- [Market Fear & Greed Composite: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/market-fear-and-greed-composite/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/market-fear-and-greed-composite.md)): A single score built by averaging several sentiment inputs, modelled on the CNN Fear and Greed Index, which combines seven indicators: price momentum, price...
- [Mutual Fund Flows: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/mutual-fund-flows/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/mutual-fund-flows.md)): The net amount of new money entering or leaving mutual funds in a period: sales plus reinvested distributions less redemptions. The Investment Company...
- [NAAIM Exposure Index: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/naaim-exposure-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/naaim-exposure-index.md)): The weekly average equity exposure reported by active managers who are members of the National Association of Active Investment Managers. Managers report a...
- [Noncommercial Net Position: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/noncommercial-net-position/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/noncommercial-net-position.md)): The net futures position of non-commercial traders in the legacy CFTC Commitments of Traders report: long contracts minus short contracts. The group, often...
- [Options Skew: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/options-skew/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/options-skew.md)): The difference in implied volatility between out-of-the-money puts and other options of the same expiry, such as at-the-money or out-of-the-money calls. It...
- [Safe-Haven Demand Gauge: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/safe-haven-demand-gauge/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/safe-haven-demand-gauge.md)): The difference between the recent return on stocks and the recent return on Treasury bonds, used for the safe haven demand component of the CNN Fear and...
- [Short Interest Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/short-interest-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/short-interest-ratio.md)): Short interest, the total shares sold short and not yet covered, divided by average daily trading volume. It is the traditional form of the ratio, and some...
- [SKEW Index (SKEW): Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/skew-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/skew-index.md)): The Cboe SKEW Index is a provider-defined measure of the skewness of the 30-day S&P 500 return distribution implied by prices of out-of-the-money SPX...
- [SPX Put/Call Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/spx-put-call-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/spx-put-call-ratio.md)): Put volume divided by call volume on options of the S&P 500 index (SPX), as published by Cboe. SPX options are used heavily by institutions for hedging and...
- [Total Put/Call Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/total-put-call-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/total-put-call-ratio.md)): The total put/call ratio divides the number of put option contracts traded by the number of call option contracts traded over a period, usually one day...
- [VIX Futures Backwardation: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vix-futures-backwardation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vix-futures-backwardation.md)): A VIX futures curve in which the nearer contract is priced above the next one, so the curve slopes downward with maturity. It means traders expect...
- [VIX Futures Contango: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vix-futures-contango/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vix-futures-contango.md)): A VIX futures curve in which the nearer contract is priced below the next one, so the curve slopes upward with maturity. It is the normal state in calm...
- [VIX Put/Call Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vix-put-call-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vix-put-call-ratio.md)): Put volume divided by call volume on options on the VIX index, as published by Cboe. VIX calls are usually bought as hedges against a sell-off, so the ratio...
- [VIX Term Structure: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vix-term-structure/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vix-term-structure.md)): The relationship between expected S&P 500 volatility over different horizons, such as the VIX (30 days) against VIX9D, VIX3M and VIX6M. The shape shows...
- [VIX1Y: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vix1y/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vix1y.md)): The Cboe 1-Year Volatility Index, an estimate of expected S&P 500 volatility over roughly the next year, derived from SPX option prices using the same...
- [VIX3M: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vix3m/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vix3m.md)): The Cboe 3-Month Volatility Index, an estimate of expected S&P 500 volatility over roughly the next three months, derived from SPX option prices with the...
- [VIX6M: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vix6m/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vix6m.md)): The Cboe 6-Month Volatility Index, an estimate of expected S&P 500 volatility over roughly the next six months, derived from SPX option prices with the same...
- [VIX9D: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vix9d/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vix9d.md)): The Cboe 9-Day Volatility Index, an estimate of expected S&P 500 volatility over roughly the next nine days, derived from SPX option prices with the same...
- [Volatility Skew: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/volatility-skew/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/volatility-skew.md)): The pattern of implied volatility across strike prices for options on the same underlying and expiry. In equity markets, out-of-the-money puts usually carry...
- [VVIX: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vvix/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/sentiment/vvix.md)): The Cboe VVIX Index, which measures the expected volatility of the 30-day forward price of the VIX, computed from VIX option prices using the VIX...
- [Statistical & Quantitative Indicators](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative.md)): Quantify statistical properties, relationships, normalization, or model residuals.
- [Alpha: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/alpha/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/alpha.md)): Jensen's alpha is the average return of an asset or portfolio above what the capital asset pricing model predicts given its beta. It is the part of return...
- [Approximate Entropy: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/approximate-entropy/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/approximate-entropy.md)): Approximate entropy (ApEn), introduced by Steve Pincus, quantifies the regularity of a time series. Low values mean patterns of a given length tend to be...
- [Augmented Dickey-Fuller Statistic](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/augmented-dickey-fuller-statistic/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/augmented-dickey-fuller-statistic.md)): The augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) statistic tests the null hypothesis that a series has a unit root, meaning it is non-stationary. It is the t-ratio on the...
- [Autocorrelation: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/autocorrelation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/autocorrelation.md)): Autocorrelation is the correlation of a series with a lagged copy of itself. It shows whether past values help describe present values, such as whether up...
- [Beta: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/beta/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/beta.md)): Beta measures how sensitively an asset's returns move with a benchmark's returns. It is the slope of the regression of asset returns on benchmark returns...
- [Coefficient of Variation: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/coefficient-of-variation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/coefficient-of-variation.md)): The coefficient of variation is the standard deviation divided by the mean. It expresses dispersion relative to the average level, which lets series on...
- [Cointegration Statistic: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/cointegration-statistic/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/cointegration-statistic.md)): The Engle-Granger cointegration statistic tests whether two non-stationary series share a stable long-run relationship. One series is regressed on the other...
- [Correlation Coefficient: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/correlation-coefficient/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/correlation-coefficient.md)): The Pearson correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables, scaled to lie between -1 and +1....
- [Covariance: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/covariance/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/covariance.md)): Covariance measures how two series move together. It is the average product of their deviations from their own means, so it is positive when they tend to be...
- [Cross-Sectional Percentile Rank: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/cross-sectional-percentile-rank/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/cross-sectional-percentile-rank.md)): Cross-sectional percentile rank places an asset within the ordered list of all assets in the universe on a given date, expressed as a percentage. It is a...
- [Cross-Sectional Z-Score: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/cross-sectional-z-score/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/cross-sectional-z-score.md)): A cross-sectional z-score standardizes one asset's value against all other assets on the same date, rather than against its own history. It tells how...
- [Distance Correlation: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/distance-correlation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/distance-correlation.md)): Distance correlation, introduced by Szekely, Rizzo and Bakirov, measures dependence between two variables of any shape and is zero only if they are...
- [Exponential Z-Score: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/exponential-z-score/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/exponential-z-score.md)): An exponential z-score standardizes a value using an exponentially weighted mean and exponentially weighted variance, so recent observations count more than...
- [Fractal Dimension: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/fractal-dimension/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/fractal-dimension.md)): The fractal dimension of a price path measures how jagged it is. A value near 1 indicates a smooth, nearly straight path, and values closer to 2 indicate a...
- [Half-Life of Mean Reversion: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/half-life-of-mean-reversion/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/half-life-of-mean-reversion.md)): The half-life of mean reversion is the expected time for a deviation from the long-run mean to shrink by half. It is estimated from the autoregressive speed...
- [Hurst Exponent: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/hurst-exponent/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/hurst-exponent.md)): The Hurst exponent H summarizes long-range dependence in a series. Using rescaled range (R/S) analysis, the average rescaled range grows with window size n...
- [Interquartile Range: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/interquartile-range/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/interquartile-range.md)): The interquartile range, or IQR, is the distance between the third and first quartiles, so it covers the middle half of the observations in the window. It...
- [Johansen Cointegration Rank: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/johansen-cointegration-rank/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/johansen-cointegration-rank.md)): The Johansen procedure tests how many independent long-run equilibrium relationships (the cointegration rank) exist among several non-stationary series. It...
- [Kalman Filter Estimate: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/kalman-filter-estimate/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/kalman-filter-estimate.md)): The Kalman filter estimate is the filter's current best estimate of a hidden state, such as the underlying level or hedge ratio, combining a model...
- [Kalman Filter Residual: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/kalman-filter-residual/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/kalman-filter-residual.md)): The Kalman filter residual, also called the innovation, is the gap between the latest observation and the filter's prediction of it made before seeing that...
- [KPSS Statistic: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/kpss-statistic/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/kpss-statistic.md)): The KPSS statistic, from Kwiatkowski, Phillips, Schmidt and Shin, tests the null hypothesis that a series is stationary, in contrast with unit-root tests...
- [Kurtosis: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/kurtosis/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/kurtosis.md)): Kurtosis measures how heavy the tails of a distribution are compared with a normal distribution. High kurtosis means more of the variance comes from rare...
- [Linear Regression Angle: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/linear-regression-angle/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/linear-regression-angle.md)): The linear regression angle is the angle, in degrees, of the fitted regression line, computed as the arctangent of its slope. It expresses the steepness of...
- [Linear Regression Intercept: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/linear-regression-intercept/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/linear-regression-intercept.md)): The linear regression intercept is the value at which the least-squares line crosses the vertical axis at the start of the fitting window. It is half of the...
- [Linear Regression Slope: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/linear-regression-slope/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/linear-regression-slope.md)): The linear regression slope is the per-bar change of the least-squares line fitted to the latest N values. It estimates the average rate of rise or fall in...
- [Linear Regression: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/linear-regression/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/linear-regression.md)): The linear regression value is the end point of a least-squares straight line fitted to the latest N prices. It is a smoothed estimate of where price sits...
- [Log Correlation: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/log-correlation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/log-correlation.md)): Log correlation is the correlation between two series measured on logarithmic returns, ln(P_t / P_(t-1)), rather than on price levels or simple returns. Log...
- [Mahalanobis Distance: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/mahalanobis-distance/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/mahalanobis-distance.md)): Mahalanobis distance measures how far a point is from the center of a multivariate distribution, taking into account the variances and correlations of the...
- [Median Absolute Deviation: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/median-absolute-deviation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/median-absolute-deviation.md)): Median absolute deviation, or MAD, measures dispersion as the median of the absolute distances from the sample median. It is a robust alternative to...
- [Mutual Information: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/mutual-information/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/mutual-information.md)): Mutual information measures how much knowing one variable reduces uncertainty about another. Unlike correlation it captures any dependence, linear or not...
- [Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Mean Reversion Speed](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/ornstein-uhlenbeck-mean-reversion-speed/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/ornstein-uhlenbeck-mean-reversion-speed.md)): In an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process a series is pulled back toward a long-run mean at a rate theta. The mean reversion speed is that rate, commonly estimated...
- [Pair Spread Z-Score: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/pair-spread-z-score/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/pair-spread-z-score.md)): The pair spread z-score standardizes the spread between two related assets by its own mean and standard deviation. The spread is usually the difference...
- [Partial Autocorrelation: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/partial-autocorrelation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/partial-autocorrelation.md)): Partial autocorrelation at lag k measures the correlation between a series and its value k periods earlier after removing the linear effect of the...
- [Percent Rank: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/percent-rank/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/percent-rank.md)): Percent rank states where the latest value stands within the distribution of its lookback window, as the share of window values that are lower. It converts...
- [Percentile: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/percentile/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/percentile.md)): A percentile is the value below which a given percentage of observations fall. As a rolling statistic it reports the level corresponding to a chosen...
- [Principal Component Score: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/principal-component-score/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/principal-component-score.md)): A principal component score is the coordinate of an observation along a principal component axis. It is found by centering the observation and projecting it...
- [R-Squared: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/r-squared/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/r-squared.md)): R-squared, the coefficient of determination, is the share of the variation in a series that a regression explains. It compares the leftover error of the...
- [Regression Residual: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/regression-residual/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/regression-residual.md)): A regression residual is the difference between an observed value and the value fitted by a regression line. It isolates the part of a series that the...
- [Residual Z-Score: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/residual-z-score/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/residual-z-score.md)): A residual z-score standardizes the error left over after a regression fit. It shows how many standard deviations the latest observation sits from the value...
- [Robust Z-Score: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/robust-z-score/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/robust-z-score.md)): The robust z-score, also called the modified z-score, replaces the mean and standard deviation with the median and the median absolute deviation. This keeps...
- [Rolling Correlation: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/rolling-correlation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/rolling-correlation.md)): Rolling correlation is the Pearson correlation coefficient between two series, recomputed over a moving window of the latest N observations. It shows how...
- [Rolling Mean: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/rolling-mean/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/rolling-mean.md)): Rolling mean is the arithmetic average of the latest N observations, recomputed each bar as the window advances. It is the simple moving average expressed...
- [Rolling Median: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/rolling-median/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/rolling-median.md)): Rolling median is the middle value of the latest N observations when sorted. It is a measure of the center of the window that is not pulled around by...
- [Rolling PCA Factor: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/rolling-pca-factor/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/rolling-pca-factor.md)): A rolling PCA factor is the first principal component of a group of related series, such as asset returns, estimated on a moving window. It is the weighted...
- [Rolling Standard Deviation: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/rolling-standard-deviation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/rolling-standard-deviation.md)): Rolling standard deviation is the square root of the sample variance of the latest N observations. When applied to returns, it is the standard measure of...
- [Rolling Variance: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/rolling-variance/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/rolling-variance.md)): Rolling variance is the sample variance of the latest N observations, recomputed each bar. It is the average squared deviation from the window mean, using...
- [Sample Entropy: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/sample-entropy/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/sample-entropy.md)): Sample entropy, introduced by Richman and Moorman, estimates the irregularity of a time series. It is the negative natural log of the conditional...
- [Shannon Entropy: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/shannon-entropy/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/shannon-entropy.md)): Shannon entropy measures the uncertainty in a distribution of outcomes. Applied to returns, they are grouped into bins and entropy captures how evenly...
- [Signal-to-Noise Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/signal-to-noise-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/signal-to-noise-ratio.md)): Signal-to-noise ratio compares the size of a signal with the size of the random variation around it. In rolling market use it is commonly the mean return...
- [Skewness: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/skewness/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/skewness.md)): Skewness measures the asymmetry of a distribution around its mean. Positive skew means a longer right tail, with occasional large gains, and negative skew...
- [Time Series Forecast: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/time-series-forecast/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/time-series-forecast.md)): Time series forecast, or TSF, fits a least-squares straight line to the latest N values and extends that line one bar ahead. It is a linear extrapolation of...
- [Winsorized Z-Score: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/winsorized-z-score/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/winsorized-z-score.md)): A winsorized z-score is a z-score computed after extreme values in the sample have been clipped to chosen percentile limits, for example the 5th and 95th....
- [Z-Score: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/z-score/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/statistical-and-quantitative/z-score.md)): The z-score states how many standard deviations a value lies from the mean of a reference sample, usually a rolling window of recent observations. It puts...
- [Trend Indicators](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend.md)): Indicators that describe trend direction, persistence, strength, or a smoothed price reference, including moving averages and trend-following oscillators.
- [Absolute Price Oscillator: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/absolute-price-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/absolute-price-oscillator.md)): The difference, in price units, between a fast and a slow moving average of price. It is the unscaled form of the percentage price oscillator and shows the...
- [Accumulative Swing Index: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/accumulative-swing-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/accumulative-swing-index.md)): J. Welles Wilder's Accumulative Swing Index is a running total of the Swing Index, which condenses each bar's open, high, low and close relative to the...
- [Arnaud Legoux Moving Average: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/arnaud-legoux-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/arnaud-legoux-moving-average.md)): A moving average that weights recent prices with a Gaussian curve whose peak position and width can be adjusted. It aims to reduce lag while smoothing noise.
- [Aroon Oscillator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/aroon-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/aroon-oscillator.md)): The difference between Aroon Up and Aroon Down, which measure how recently the highest high and lowest low occurred within a lookback window. The oscillator...
- [Aroon: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/aroon/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/aroon.md)): Aroon is a pair of lines, Aroon Up and Aroon Down, that measure how many bars ago the highest high and the lowest low occurred within a lookback window....
- [Average Directional Index Rating](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/average-directional-index-rating/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/average-directional-index-rating.md)): The Average Directional Movement Index Rating (ADXR) smooths the ADX by averaging the current ADX with its value n periods earlier. It is a slower version...
- [Average Directional Index (ADX): Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/average-directional-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/average-directional-index.md)): The Average Directional Index, created by J. Welles Wilder Jr., measures how strong a trend is, regardless of its direction. It is a smoothed average of the...
- [Chande Kroll Stop: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/chande-kroll-stop/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/chande-kroll-stop.md)): A volatility-based trailing stop study by Tushar Chande and Stanley Kroll. It builds preliminary stops from the highest high and lowest low offset by a...
- [Chop Zone: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/chop-zone/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/chop-zone.md)): A color-coded trend-state indicator that classifies the slope of a moving average into zones, so flat or low-angle stretches are shown as choppy and steeper...
- [Choppiness Index (CHOP): Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/choppiness-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/choppiness-index.md)): The Choppiness Index compares the sum of true range over a lookback with the high-low range of the same window, then scales the result from roughly 0 to...
- [Detrended Price Oscillator: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/detrended-price-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/detrended-price-oscillator.md)): Removes the trend by comparing price with a displaced simple moving average, making cycle highs and lows in price easier to see. The average is shifted back...
- [Directional Movement Index: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/directional-movement-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/directional-movement-index.md)): J. Welles Wilder's system of the plus directional indicator (+DI), the minus directional indicator (-DI) and the DX/ADX line. It compares successive highs...
- [Double Exponential Moving Average](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/double-exponential-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/double-exponential-moving-average.md)): Patrick Mulloy's DEMA reduces the lag of an exponential moving average by combining a single EMA with an EMA of that EMA. It is not an EMA smoothed twice...
- [EMA Crossover: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/ema-crossover/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/ema-crossover.md)): A trend signal based on a fast exponential moving average crossing a slow one. The sign of the gap between them defines the trend state and the point where...
- [Exponential Moving Average (EMA)](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/exponential-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/exponential-moving-average.md)): The Exponential Moving Average is a moving average that weights recent prices more heavily than older ones, with weights that decay by a constant factor....
- [Forecast Oscillator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/forecast-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/forecast-oscillator.md)): Tushar Chande's Forecast Oscillator shows the percentage difference between price and its time series forecast, the value implied by extending a linear...
- [Guppy Multiple Moving Average: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/guppy-multiple-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/guppy-multiple-moving-average.md)): Daryl Guppy's method plots two groups of exponential moving averages: a short-term group of six (3, 5, 8, 10, 12 and 15 periods) and a long-term group of...
- [Hull Moving Average: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/hull-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/hull-moving-average.md)): Alan Hull's moving average that uses weighted averages of different lengths to cancel most of the lag while staying smooth. It differences a short and long...
- [Ichimoku Cloud: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/ichimoku-cloud/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/ichimoku-cloud.md)): Ichimoku Kinko Hyo, developed by Goichi Hosoda, is a set of five lines: four built from midpoints of recent highs and lows, and the Chikou Span, which is...
- [Kaufman Adaptive Moving Average: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/kaufman-adaptive-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/kaufman-adaptive-moving-average.md)): Perry Kaufman's KAMA changes its speed based on the efficiency ratio of recent price movement. It follows quickly when price moves in a straight line and...
- [Least Squares Moving Average: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/least-squares-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/least-squares-moving-average.md)): The endpoint of a least-squares regression line fitted to the last n prices, also known as the linear regression value. It tracks price more closely than a...
- [MACD (MACD): Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/macd/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/macd.md)): Moving Average Convergence Divergence, created by Gerald Appel, is the difference between a fast and a slow exponential moving average of price. A signal...
- [McGinley Dynamic: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/mcginley-dynamic/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/mcginley-dynamic.md)): John McGinley's adaptive smoothing line that adjusts its own speed to the market. It moves faster when price is pulling away from the line and slower when...
- [MESA Adaptive Moving Average: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/mesa-adaptive-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/mesa-adaptive-moving-average.md)): John Ehlers' MAMA uses the rate of change of phase, measured with a Hilbert transform, to adapt its smoothing speed. It is paired with FAMA, a slower line...
- [Minus Directional Indicator: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/minus-directional-indicator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/minus-directional-indicator.md)): Wilder's -DI measures downward directional movement as a share of average true range. It rises when lows are being extended downward faster than highs are...
- [Moving Average Channel: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/moving-average-channel/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/moving-average-channel.md)): A channel built from moving averages of the highs and the lows (or an average plus and minus an offset). Price near or beyond the upper line indicates...
- [Moving Average Crossover: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/moving-average-crossover/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/moving-average-crossover.md)): A trend signal based on a faster moving average crossing a slower one, typically simple averages. The best-known version compares the 50-day and 200-day...
- [Moving Average Envelope: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/moving-average-envelope/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/moving-average-envelope.md)): Two lines set a fixed percentage above and below a moving average, forming an envelope around price. Unlike Bollinger Bands, the width does not adjust to...
- [Moving Average Multiple: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/moving-average-multiple/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/moving-average-multiple.md)): Commonly defined as the ratio of price to a long moving average, such as the 200-day average. It expresses how many times above or below its long-term...
- [Moving Average Ribbon: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/moving-average-ribbon/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/moving-average-ribbon.md)): A set of many moving averages of increasing length plotted on one chart. The order, spacing and slope of the lines show the strength and consistency of a trend.
- [Parabolic SAR (SAR): Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/parabolic-sar/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/parabolic-sar.md)): Parabolic SAR (Stop and Reverse), created by J. Welles Wilder Jr., is a series of points that trail price and accelerate toward it as a trend extends. When...
- [Percentage Price Oscillator (PPO)](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/percentage-price-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/percentage-price-oscillator.md)): The Percentage Price Oscillator is MACD expressed as a percentage: the gap between a fast and a slow exponential moving average divided by the slow average....
- [Plus Directional Indicator: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/plus-directional-indicator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/plus-directional-indicator.md)): Wilder's +DI measures upward directional movement as a share of average true range. It rises when highs are extended upward faster than lows are extended...
- [Qstick: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/qstick/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/qstick.md)): Tushar Chande's Qstick is a moving average of the candle body, close minus open, over a recent window. It summarizes whether recent bars have tended to...
- [Simple Moving Average (SMA): Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/simple-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/simple-moving-average.md)): The Simple Moving Average is the unweighted mean of the most recent n values of a series, usually closing prices. Each new bar adds the latest value and...
- [Supertrend: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/supertrend/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/supertrend.md)): Supertrend is a trailing overlay built from the average true range. It plots a band below price in an uptrend and above price in a downtrend, and the line...
- [T3 Moving Average: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/t3-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/t3-moving-average.md)): Tim Tillson's T3 applies a generalized double exponential smoothing step six times and combines the last four results using a volume factor, creating a...
- [Trend Intensity Index: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/trend-intensity-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/trend-intensity-index.md)): Commonly defined as the proportion of recent price deviations from a moving average that are positive, expressed on a 0 to 100 scale. It tests how...
- [Trend Strength Index: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/trend-strength-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/trend-strength-index.md)): Commonly implemented as the correlation between closing prices and a time index over a lookback window, so a value near +1 means price has risen steadily...
- [Triangular Moving Average: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/triangular-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/triangular-moving-average.md)): A moving average that is smoothed twice: a simple moving average of a simple moving average. The effect is a weighting that peaks in the middle of the...
- [Triple Exponential Moving Average](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/triple-exponential-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/triple-exponential-moving-average.md)): Patrick Mulloy's TEMA combines one, two and three successive exponential averages to cancel much of the lag of an EMA. It is not the same as TRIX, which is...
- [TRIX: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/trix/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/trix.md)): Jack Hutson's TRIX is the one-period percentage rate of change of a triple-smoothed exponential moving average. The triple smoothing removes short cycles...
- [Variable Index Dynamic Average: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/variable-index-dynamic-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/variable-index-dynamic-average.md)): Tushar Chande's VIDYA is an exponential moving average whose smoothing weight is scaled by a volatility index, so it speeds up when volatility is high and...
- [Vertical Horizontal Filter: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/vertical-horizontal-filter/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/vertical-horizontal-filter.md)): Adam White's VHF measures whether price is trending or moving sideways by dividing the range of closing prices over a window by the total distance price...
- [Volume Weighted Moving Average: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/volume-weighted-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/volume-weighted-moving-average.md)): A moving average that weights each price by its trading volume, so bars with heavy volume influence the average more than quiet bars. It differs from VWAP...
- [Vortex Indicator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/vortex-indicator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/vortex-indicator.md)): Developed by Etienne Botes and Douglas Siepman, the Vortex Indicator has two lines, VI+ and VI-, based on the distance between the current high and prior...
- [Weighted Moving Average: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/weighted-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/weighted-moving-average.md)): A moving average that gives the newest price the greatest weight and decreases the weight in a straight line back through the window. The weights are the...
- [Wilder Smoothed Moving Average: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/wilder-smoothed-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/wilder-smoothed-moving-average.md)): Wilder's smoothing is a recursive average that adds one n-th of the gap between the new value and the prior average. It is equivalent to an exponential...
- [Williams Alligator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/williams-alligator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/williams-alligator.md)): Bill Williams' Alligator plots three smoothed moving averages of the median price, each shifted forward: the jaw (13 periods shifted 8 bars), teeth (8...
- [Zero-Lag Exponential Moving Average](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/zero-lag-exponential-moving-average/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/trend/zero-lag-exponential-moving-average.md)): An exponential moving average applied to price that has first been adjusted to remove lag, by adding the difference between the current price and a price...
- [Volatility Indicators](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility.md)): Indicators measuring realized or implied volatility, including historical volatility, implied volatility percentile, and options-based measures.
- [Acceleration Bands: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/acceleration-bands/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/acceleration-bands.md)): Acceleration Bands, developed by Price Headley, are an envelope around a simple moving average whose width scales with each bar's high-low range relative to...
- [ATR Percent: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/atr-percent/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/atr-percent.md)): ATR percent expresses the Average True Range as a percentage of the closing price, so volatility can be compared across instruments with very different...
- [Average Daily Range: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/average-daily-range/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/average-daily-range.md)): Average Daily Range is the mean of the daily high-low range over a chosen number of days. It captures the typical intraday distance the instrument travels...
- [Average Deviation: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/average-deviation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/average-deviation.md)): Average deviation, also called mean absolute deviation, is the mean of the absolute distances of values from their mean. It measures dispersion in the...
- [Average True Range (ATR): Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/average-true-range/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/average-true-range.md)): Average True Range, introduced by J. Welles Wilder Jr., is a smoothed average of the true range, which is the largest of the current high-low range and the...
- [Average Weekly Range: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/average-weekly-range/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/average-weekly-range.md)): Average Weekly Range is the mean of weekly high-low ranges over a chosen number of weeks. It describes how far price typically travels within a week, which...
- [Bipower Variation: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/bipower-variation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/bipower-variation.md)): Bipower variation estimates the continuous part of price variance from the products of adjacent absolute returns. Because a single jump affects only one...
- [Bollinger Bands: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/bollinger-bands/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/bollinger-bands.md)): Bollinger Bands, created by John Bollinger, place an upper and a lower band around a moving average at a set number of standard deviations. Because the...
- [Bollinger BandWidth: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/bollinger-bandwidth/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/bollinger-bandwidth.md)): Bollinger Bandwidth is the distance between the upper and lower Bollinger Bands divided by the middle band. It converts band width into a scale-free number...
- [Bollinger %B: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/bollinger-percent-b/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/bollinger-percent-b.md)): Percent B shows where the price sits relative to the Bollinger Bands, scaled so that the lower band is 0 and the upper band is 1. It turns the band position...
- [Chaikin Volatility: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/chaikin-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/chaikin-volatility.md)): Chaikin Volatility measures the rate of change of a smoothed high-low range. It rises when ranges are widening and falls when they are narrowing, ignoring...
- [Close-to-Close Volatility: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/close-to-close-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/close-to-close-volatility.md)): Close-to-close volatility is the sample standard deviation of log returns between successive closing prices, usually annualized. It is the standard...
- [Donchian Channels: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/donchian-channels/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/donchian-channels.md)): Donchian Channels, developed by Richard Donchian, draw the highest high and the lowest low of the last n bars as an upper and lower line, with a midline...
- [Downside Volatility: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/downside-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/downside-volatility.md)): Downside volatility, or downside deviation, measures dispersion using only returns below a minimum acceptable return, usually zero. Gains do not count as...
- [Garman-Klass Volatility: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/garman-klass-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/garman-klass-volatility.md)): The Garman-Klass estimator measures volatility from open, high, low and close prices of each bar. It uses more information than close-to-close returns and...
- [Historical Volatility (HV): Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/historical-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/historical-volatility.md)): Historical volatility, also called realized volatility, is the standard deviation of an asset's past returns over a chosen window, scaled to a yearly...
- [Implied Volatility (IV): Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/implied-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/implied-volatility.md)): Implied volatility is the volatility value that, put into an option pricing model such as Black-Scholes, reproduces the option's observed market price. It...
- [IV Percentile: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/iv-percentile/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/iv-percentile.md)): IV Percentile is the share of observations in a lookback window, often one year of daily values, in which implied volatility was below its current level. It...
- [IV Rank: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/iv-rank/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/iv-rank.md)): IV Rank shows where current implied volatility sits between the lowest and highest implied volatility seen in a lookback window, usually one year. It is a...
- [Keltner Channels: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/keltner-channels/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/keltner-channels.md)): Keltner Channels are a volatility envelope with an exponential moving average as the middle line and upper and lower lines set a multiple of the average...
- [Normalized Average True Range: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/normalized-average-true-range/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/normalized-average-true-range.md)): Normalized Average True Range (NATR) is the Average True Range expressed as a percentage of the close, as implemented in libraries such as TA-Lib. ATR is...
- [OHLC Volatility: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/ohlc-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/ohlc-volatility.md)): OHLC volatility refers to estimators built from each bar's open, high, low and close rather than closes alone, such as Garman-Klass, Rogers-Satchell and...
- [Parkinson Volatility: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/parkinson-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/parkinson-volatility.md)): The Parkinson estimator measures volatility from the high-low range alone. Because the range of a bar contains more information than a single close, it...
- [Range-Based Volatility: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/range-based-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/range-based-volatility.md)): Range-based volatility estimates volatility from the high-low range of each bar rather than from closing prices alone. The simplest form scales the average...
- [Realized Variance: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/realized-variance/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/realized-variance.md)): Realized variance is the sum of squared returns over a period, typically built from intraday or daily returns. It is the basic building block of realized...
- [Realized Volatility: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/realized-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/realized-volatility.md)): Realized volatility is the annualized square root of the realized variance computed from squared returns over a window. It summarizes how much the price...
- [Relative Volatility Index: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/relative-volatility-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/relative-volatility-index.md)): The Relative Volatility Index (RVI), introduced by Donald Dorsey, applies an RSI-style calculation to the standard deviation of price instead of price...
- [Rogers-Satchell Volatility: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/rogers-satchell-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/rogers-satchell-volatility.md)): The Rogers-Satchell estimator measures volatility from open, high, low and close and, unlike Parkinson or Garman-Klass, remains unbiased when the price has...
- [Standard Deviation: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/standard-deviation/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/standard-deviation.md)): Standard deviation measures how widely a set of values is spread around its mean, in the same units as the data. In markets it is applied to returns or...
- [True Range: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/true-range/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/true-range.md)): True range, defined by J. Welles Wilder, is the greatest of the current high-low range, the distance from the previous close to the current high, and the...
- [Ulcer Index: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/ulcer-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/ulcer-index.md)): The Ulcer Index, developed by Peter Martin, measures downside risk as the root mean square of percentage drawdowns from the running highest close over a...
- [Upside Volatility: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/upside-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/upside-volatility.md)): Upside volatility measures dispersion using only returns above a threshold, usually zero. It is the counterpart to downside volatility and shows how much of...
- [Variance: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/variance/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/variance.md)): Variance is the average squared deviation of values from their mean. It is the square of standard deviation and is additive across independent sources...
- [Volatility Contraction: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/volatility-contraction/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/volatility-contraction.md)): Volatility contraction describes a period when a volatility measure, such as ATR, Bollinger Bandwidth or bar range, falls to a low level relative to its...
- [Volatility Expansion: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/volatility-expansion/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/volatility-expansion.md)): Volatility expansion describes a period when a volatility measure rises well above its recent norm, such as a bar whose range is much larger than the...
- [Volatility of Volatility: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/volatility-of-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/volatility-of-volatility.md)): Volatility of volatility measures how much a volatility series itself varies, commonly as the standard deviation of changes in volatility or implied...
- [Volatility Risk Premium: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/volatility-risk-premium/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/volatility-risk-premium.md)): The volatility risk premium is the gap between implied volatility (or implied variance) and the volatility subsequently realized. It is the compensation...
- [Yang-Zhang Volatility: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/yang-zhang-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/yang-zhang-volatility.md)): The Yang-Zhang estimator combines overnight (close-to-open) variance, open-to-close variance and the Rogers-Satchell estimator into one measure. It handles...
- [Zero-Trend Close-to-Close Volatility](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/zero-trend-close-to-close-volatility/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volatility/zero-trend-close-to-close-volatility.md)): Zero-trend close-to-close volatility estimates volatility from squared log returns without subtracting the sample mean, which assumes the average drift over...
- [Volume Indicators](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume.md)): Measure participation, traded volume, volume-weighted price, or volume-at-price structure.
- [Accumulation/Distribution Line (A/D Line): Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/accumulation-distribution-line/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/accumulation-distribution-line.md)): The Accumulation/Distribution Line is a running total that adds a slice of each period's volume, sized by where the close sits inside the high-low range. A...
- [Anchored VWAP (AVWAP): Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/anchored-vwap/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/anchored-vwap.md)): Anchored VWAP is the volume-weighted average price measured from a chosen starting bar, such as an earnings date, a swing low or a gap, instead of resetting...
- [Average Volume: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/average-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/average-volume.md)): Average volume is the mean trading volume over a fixed look-back, such as 20 or 50 bars. It gives a baseline of normal activity so a single bar's volume can...
- [Buy Volume: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/buy-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/buy-volume.md)): Buy volume is the portion of traded volume attributed to buyer-initiated trades, where the buyer paid the ask or otherwise took liquidity. Public tape data...
- [Chaikin Money Flow (CMF): Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/chaikin-money-flow/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/chaikin-money-flow.md)): Chaikin Money Flow sums money flow volume over a lookback window and divides it by the total volume of the same window. The result is a bounded oscillator...
- [Chaikin Oscillator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/chaikin-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/chaikin-oscillator.md)): The Chaikin Oscillator is the difference between a 3-period and a 10-period exponential average of the Accumulation/Distribution Line. It measures momentum...
- [Cumulative Volume Delta (CVD): Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/cumulative-volume-delta/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/cumulative-volume-delta.md)): Cumulative Volume Delta is a running total of estimated buy volume minus estimated sell volume. Each trade is classified as buyer-initiated or...
- [Dollar Volume: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/dollar-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/dollar-volume.md)): Dollar volume is the value traded in a period: price multiplied by the number of shares or contracts. It lets activity be compared across instruments with...
- [Down Volume: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/down-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/down-volume.md)): Down volume is the volume of bars in which the price closed below the prior close. Whole-bar volume is assigned to the down side based on the bar's price...
- [Ease of Movement: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/ease-of-movement/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/ease-of-movement.md)): Ease of Movement (Arms) relates the distance the midpoint of the bar moved to the volume needed to move it. A large positive reading means price rose on...
- [Elder Force Index: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/elder-force-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/elder-force-index.md)): Elder's Force Index multiplies the one-bar price change by the bar's volume, combining the direction and extent of a move with the volume behind it. It is...
- [Fixed Range Volume Profile: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/fixed-range-volume-profile/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/fixed-range-volume-profile.md)): A fixed range volume profile builds a histogram of traded volume by price level between a start and end time that the user sets, such as one earnings event...
- [High Volume Node: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/high-volume-node/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/high-volume-node.md)): A high volume node (HVN) is a price level or cluster in a volume profile where traded volume is much higher than at neighboring prices. It marks a price...
- [Klinger Volume Oscillator: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/klinger-volume-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/klinger-volume-oscillator.md)): The Klinger Volume Oscillator turns each bar's volume into a signed volume force that depends on the trend of (High + Low + Close) and the bar's range, then...
- [Low Volume Node: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/low-volume-node/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/low-volume-node.md)): A low volume node (LVN) is a price level or band in a volume profile where traded volume is much lower than at neighboring prices. It marks a price zone...
- [Market Facilitation Index: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/market-facilitation-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/market-facilitation-index.md)): The Market Facilitation Index (Bill Williams) is the bar's price range divided by its volume: how much price moved per unit of volume. Williams reads it...
- [Money Flow Index (MFI): Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/money-flow-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/money-flow-index.md)): The Money Flow Index is a 0 to 100 oscillator built like the RSI but with volume included. It compares the raw money flow (typical price times volume) of...
- [Money Flow: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/money-flow/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/money-flow.md)): Money flow is commonly defined as the typical price of a bar multiplied by its volume, giving the value traded in the bar. Raw money flow is the input to...
- [Negative Volume Index: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/negative-volume-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/negative-volume-index.md)): The Negative Volume Index (NVI) changes only on bars where volume fell from the prior bar, and then by the percentage price change. It assumes informed...
- [Net Volume: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/net-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/net-volume.md)): Net volume signs each bar's volume by the direction of its close: positive when the close is above the prior close, negative when below, zero when...
- [On-Balance Volume (OBV): Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/on-balance-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/on-balance-volume.md)): On-Balance Volume is a running total that adds a period's whole volume when the close is above the prior close, subtracts it when the close is below, and...
- [Percentage Volume Oscillator: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/percentage-volume-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/percentage-volume-oscillator.md)): The Percentage Volume Oscillator (PVO) is the difference between a 12-period and a 26-period exponential average of volume, expressed as a percentage of the...
- [Point of Control: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/point-of-control/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/point-of-control.md)): The Point of Control (POC) is the price level with the highest traded volume in a volume profile over a chosen range. It marks the price where the most...
- [Positive Volume Index: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/positive-volume-index/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/positive-volume-index.md)): The Positive Volume Index (PVI) changes only on bars where volume rose from the prior bar, and then by the percentage price change. It is built on the idea...
- [Price Volume Trend: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/price-volume-trend/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/price-volume-trend.md)): Price Volume Trend (PVT) is a cumulative indicator that adds or subtracts volume in proportion to the percentage price change each bar. Unlike On-Balance...
- [Relative Dollar Volume: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/relative-dollar-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/relative-dollar-volume.md)): Relative dollar volume compares the value traded in the current period with its own recent average value traded. A reading of 1.0 is typical activity; it...
- [Relative Volume (RVOL): Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/relative-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/relative-volume.md)): Relative Volume compares current volume with a baseline of what is typical, such as an average of recent sessions or the average for the same time of day. A...
- [Sell Volume: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/sell-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/sell-volume.md)): Sell volume is the portion of traded volume attributed to seller-initiated trades, where the seller hit the bid or otherwise took liquidity. It is the...
- [Tick Volume: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/tick-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/tick-volume.md)): Tick volume counts the number of price updates (ticks) in a bar rather than the number of units traded. It is used as a stand-in for activity where real...
- [Turnover Ratio: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/turnover-ratio/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/turnover-ratio.md)): The turnover ratio is the share volume traded in a period divided by the shares outstanding, or sometimes the free float. It shows what fraction of a...
- [Up Volume: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/up-volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/up-volume.md)): Up volume is the volume of bars in which the price closed above the prior close. Whole-bar volume is assigned to the up side based on the bar's price...
- [Value Area High: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/value-area-high/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/value-area-high.md)): The Value Area High (VAH) is the top price of the value area, the price range around the point of control that contains a conventional 70 percent of the...
- [Value Area Low: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/value-area-low/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/value-area-low.md)): The Value Area Low (VAL) is the bottom price of the value area, the range around the point of control that contains a conventional 70 percent of the...
- [Visible Range Volume Profile: Formula](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/visible-range-volume-profile/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/visible-range-volume-profile.md)): A visible range volume profile builds a histogram of traded volume by price level using only the bars currently visible on the chart. Zooming or scrolling...
- [Volume Delta: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/volume-delta/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/volume-delta.md)): Volume delta is buy volume minus sell volume for a bar: the net amount of volume that traded at the ask versus the bid. Summing it over time gives...
- [Volume Oscillator: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/volume-oscillator/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/volume-oscillator.md)): The volume oscillator shows the percentage gap between a fast and a slow moving average of volume. It tracks whether recent volume is running above or below...
- [Volume Profile: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/volume-profile/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/volume-profile.md)): Volume Profile is a histogram of traded volume across price levels over a chosen range, drawn sideways along the price axis instead of across time. It shows...
- [Volume Rate of Change: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/volume-rate-of-change/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/volume-rate-of-change.md)): Volume rate of change is the percentage change in volume compared with n bars earlier. It measures how quickly participation is accelerating or fading.
- [Volume Weighted Average Price (VWAP)](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/volume-weighted-average-price/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/volume-weighted-average-price.md)): Volume Weighted Average Price is the average price of all trades in a session or interval, with each price weighted by the volume traded at it. It is a...
- [Volume: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/volume/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/volume.md)): Volume is the number of shares, contracts or units that changed hands during a bar or time window. It measures trading activity, not direction: every trade...
- [VWAP Bands: Formula, Meaning & Signals](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/vwap-bands/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/vwap-bands.md)): VWAP bands plot lines a chosen number of standard deviations above and below the volume-weighted average price. They show how far price has moved from the...
- [VWAP Percentage Bands: Formula, Meaning](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/vwap-percentage-bands/) ([Markdown](https://www.getswoopr.com/indicators/volume/vwap-percentage-bands.md)): VWAP percentage bands plot lines at a fixed percentage above and below the volume-weighted average price. Unlike standard-deviation bands, their width does...